Semantic nouns can be divided into the following subgroups:
denominating semantic nouns (see Section 6.1.1, "Denominating semantic nouns");
denominating semantic nouns with which the negation is represented separately (see Section 6.1.1.1, "Denominating semantic nouns with which the negation is represented separately");
definite pronominal semantic nouns: demonstratives (see Section 6.1.2, "Definite pronominal semantic nouns: demonstratives");
definite pronominal semantic nouns: personal pronouns (see Section 6.1.3, "Definite pronominal semantic nouns: personal pronouns");
indefinite pronominal semantic nouns (see Section 6.1.4, "Indefinite pronominal semantic nouns");
definite quantificational semantic nouns (see Section 6.1.5, "Definite quantificational semantic nouns");
sempos
= n.denot
The subgroup of denominating semantic nouns consists of:
traditional nouns.
For example: otec, Marta, pokora, dveře (=father, Marta, meekness, door).
possessive adjectives represented by the t-lemma of the corresponding nouns (see Section 1.1, "Types of the syntactic derivation").
Example: otcova záliba [t_lemma
=otec] (=father's hobby), Martin pokoj [t_lemma
=Marta] (=Marta's room).
Denominating semantic nouns have the following grammatemes:
number
(see Section 5.1, "The number
grammateme"),
gender
(see Section 5.2, "The gender
grammateme").
The number grammateme. The value of the number grammateme usually corresponds to the value of the morphological category of number. For example:
pes [number
=sg
] (=dog)
psi [number
=pl
] (=dogs)
An exception is pluralia tantum where the grammateme value follows from the "quantity" of referents, e.g.:
jedny dveře [number
=sg
] (=one door)
dvoje dveře [number
=pl
] (=two doors)
Jel do Prachatic. [number
=sg
] (=He went to Prachatice)
In some cases it is not clear whether a given form is singular or plural; then, the assigned value is nr
, e.g.:
Vypral si kalhoty. [number
=nr
] (=He washed his pants)
!!! Similarly, also singularia tantum (e.g.: ptactvo, mládež (=birds.sg, youth)) and mass nouns (e.g.: mouka, káva (=flour, coffee)) do not regularly express the opposition singular vs. plural. Due to the difficulties posed by the problematic delimitation of these nouns, the rule so far is that the value of the number grammateme follows from the value of the morphological number category:
dvojí mládež [number
=sg
] (=two kinds of youth)
Nejraději pije kávu. [number
=sg
] (=He prefers to drink coffee)
Mají tu dvojí kávu. [number
=sg
] (=They have two kinds of coffee here)
Nodes representing possessive adjectives have the sg
value (the possessive forms are not derived from plural nouns).
The gender grammateme. The value of the gender grammateme corresponds to the value of the morphological gender of the given noun; in the case of possessive adjectives it is the value of the morphological gender of the corresponding noun. For example:
děvče [gender
=neut
] (=girl)
dveře [gender
=fem
] (=door)
otcova záliba [gender
=anim
] (=father's hobby)
Martin pokoj [gender
=fem
] (=Marta's room)
sempos
= n.denot.neg
The subgroup of denominating semantic nouns with which the negation is represented separately consists of:
denominating semantic deverbal nouns ending with -ní / -tí;
denominating semantic deadjectival nouns ending with -ost.
Both the positive and negative forms of these nouns are represented by the t-lemma corresponding to the positive form. These semantic nouns have the following grammatemes:
number
(see Section 5.1, "The number
grammateme"),
gender
(see Section 5.2, "The gender
grammateme").
negation
(see Section 5.7, "The negation
grammateme").
The number grammateme. The value of the number grammateme usually corresponds to the value of the morphological category of number.
The gender grammateme. The value of the gender grammateme corresponds to the morphological gender: deverbal nouns are assigned the neut
value, deadjectival nouns ending with -ost have the fem
value.
The negation grammateme. The negation grammateme has the neg0
value with nodes representing positive (non-negated) words, nodes representing negative forms of the word are assigned the neg1
value. For example:
nezralost dítěte [negation
=neg1
; t_lemma
= zralost] (=lit. immaturity (of) child)
hlasování o státním rozpočtu [negation
=neg0
] (=lit. voting about state budget)
nedodržení smluvních podmínek [negation
=neg1
; t_lemma
= dodržení] (=lit. not_keeping of conditions_of_a_contract)
otázka bytí [negation
=neg0
] a nebytí [negation
=neg1
; t_lemma
= bytí] vysokých škol (=lit. question (of) being and not-being (of) universities)
The group of semantic nouns for which the negation grammateme is relevant was delimited on the basis of the derivational characteristics of these nouns: they are deverbal nouns ending with -ní / -tí and deadjectival nouns ending with -ost. As for other semantic nouns, the negation grammateme is not used; the possible negation is part of their t-lemma: one can find both souhlas and nesouhlas as t-lemmas, for example.
!!! This is only a temporary solution: in fact, all denominating semantic nouns should be divided into two groups depending on whether they can be negated or not. This would lead to distinguishing two subgroups of denominating semantic nouns, the situation which can be found with denominating semantic adverbs.
!!! Dividing denominating semantic nouns into those that can and those that cannot be negated (as with the denominating semantic adverbs) is complicated by the fact that some nouns, which are usually found in their positive forms, can occassionaly be negated, too; for example: Čech (=Czech) - byli tam Češi i Nečeši (=there were both Czechs and Non-Czechs there) etc. For similar reasons, also denominating semantic adjectives have not been divided into those that can and those that cannot be negated - the negation grammateme is relevant for all denominating semantic adjectives.
sempos
= n.pron.def.demon
The subgroup of definite pronominal - demonstrative - semantic nouns consists of:
demonstrative pronouns in the positions of syntactic nouns.
These are mainly demonstratives present at the surface structure (e.g.: Ti už nepřijdou, O tohle mi nejde (=These will not come again; this is not the point), also tamten, onen, tenhleten (=that, this etc.) and newly established nodes with the #EmpNoun
t-lemma (which represent the governing nodes of adjectives the real governing nodes of which were impossible to copy; see Section 12.1.2.2, "Grammatical ellipsis of the governing noun").
Nodes of this subgroup have the following grammatemes:
number
(see Section 5.1, "The number
grammateme"),
gender
(see Section 5.2, "The gender
grammateme").
The number grammateme. The value of the number grammateme (of the overt demonstratives) usually corresponds to the value of the morphological category of number. For example:
O tohle mi nejde. [number
=sg
] (=This is not the point)
Ten už nepřijde. [number
=sg
] (=This (one) will not come again)
Ti už nepřijdou. [number
=pl
] (=These will not come again)
Newly established nodes with the #EmpNoun
t-lemma have the number grammateme value identical to the one of the dependent adjective. For example:
Mluvil také o anglickém. {#EmpNoun
[number
=sg
]} (=He also talked about the English (one))
Našel jen zelené. {#EmpNoun
[number
=pl
]} (=He only found the green (ones))
The gender grammateme. As for the demonstratives present at the surface structure, the value of the gender grammateme corresponds to the value of the morphological category of gender. For example:
Ti už nepřijdou. [gender
=anim
] (=These will not come again)
O tohle mi nejde. [gender
=neut
] (=This is not the point)
Newly established nodes with the #EmpNoun
t-lemma have the gender grammateme value identical to that of the dependent adjective. For example:
Mluvil také o anglickém. {#EmpNoun
[gender
=anim|inan|neut
]} (=He also talked about the English (one))
sempos
= n.pron.def.pers
The subgroup of definite pronominal - personal - semantic nouns consists of:
all personal pronouns and their possessive counterparts (e.g.: já, můj (=I, my)), including the reflexives (se / si, svůj).
All pronouns are represented by a single t-lemma: #PersPron
(see Section 4, "T-lemma substitutes"). They are either pronouns present at the surface level (both reflexive and non-reflexive), or newly established nodes (in place of non-reflexive pronouns only; see Section 12.2.1.1, "Textual ellipsis of an obligatory argument (the t-lemma substitutes #PersPron
, #Cor
, #QCor
a #Rcp
)").
Nodes of this subgroup have the following grammatemes:
number
(see Section 5.1, "The number
grammateme"),
gender
(see Section 5.2, "The gender
grammateme").
person
(see Section 5.3, "The person
grammateme"),
politeness
(see Section 5.4, "The politeness
grammateme").
The following can be said about individual nodes of this subgroup:
nodes representing (non-reflexive) pronouns present at the surface level.
The number grammateme. The value of the number grammateme usually corresponds to the value of the morphological category of number. For example:
já [number
=sg
] (=I)
my [number
=pl
] (=we)
oni [number
=pl
] (=they)
Nodes representing possessive pronouns are assigned the number grammateme value in accordance with the value of the morphological number category of the corresponding personal pronoun. For example:
můj [number
=sg
] (=my)
náš [number
=pl
] (=our)
jejich [number
=pl
] (=their)
The grammateme value differs from the value of the morphological category in those cases when the polite form is used. A node with the #PersPron
t-lemma representing a second person pronoun has the sg
value in its number grammateme if it refers to one person. Srov.:
Vy jste se nepřihlásil? [number
=sg
] (=You.pl have not registered.sg yet?)
Vy jste se ještě nepřihlásili? [number
=pl
] (=You.pl have not registered.pl yet?)
Jste zván vy [number
=sg
] i s vaším [number
=sg
] synem. (=Both you.pl and your.pl son are invited)
NB! However, many cases cannot be decided; then the nr
value is assigned. For example:
Vy se přihlaste se co nejdříve. [number
=nr
] (=You.pl register as soon as possible)
!!! Other cases of asymmetries are plural modestiae and plural majestaticus. These uses have not been identified yet and the value of the number grammateme corresponds to the surface form.
The gender grammateme. As for the third person personal and possessive pronouns, the value of the gender grammateme corresponds to the morphological gender. For example:
Ona sem nepřijde. [gender
=fem
] (=She is not coming)
Oni o tom vědí. [gender
=anim
] (=They.m.anim know about it)
As for the first and second person pronouns and newly established nodes, the grammateme value follows from the value of the morphological gender of the node the pronoun refers to. For example:
Bratr prohlásil: Já tam nejdu. [gender
=anim
] (= My brother said: I am not going there) (the grammateme value is given by the gender of bratr)
It is impossible to assign a single value in cases where there are more coreferred nodes of different genders or in cases there is no coreferred node. For example:
Podle Bendy není sice možné hodit přes palubu samoživitelky nebo osamělé otce, ale to neznamená, že je třeba dávat jim přednost před rodinami spořádanými. (=According to Benda, it is impossible to ignore single parents but it does not mean they should be preferred over decent families)
Podívejte se jim do očí v Podhoráckém muzeu (ke 40. výročí otevření Zoo Brno) (=Look into their eyes in Podhorácké muzeum (on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the Brno Zoo))
!!! Neither textual nor grammatical coreference (see Chapter 9, Coreference) is represented with the first and second person pronouns.
The person grammateme. The person
grammateme has the value 1
with nodes representing pronouns já, můj, my (=I, my, we) and náš (=our); the value 2
with nodes representing ty, tvůj, vy (=you, your, you.pl) and váš (=your.pl); the value 3
with nodes representing on / ona / ono (=he, she, it), jeho / její (=his/its, her), oni / ony / ona (=they) and jejich (=their). For example:
Já už jdu. [person
=1
] (=I am coming)
Tvůj názor nesdílím. [person
=2
] (=I don't share your view)
Vy jste se už přihlásili. [person
=2
] (=You.pl have already registered.pl)
Vy jste se už přihlásil. [person
=2
] (=You.pl have already registered.sg)
Oni se ještě nepřihlásili. [person
=3
] (=They haven't registered yet)
The politeness grammateme. For most nodes the grammateme has the value basic
. This signals the default use of the pronoun. A node with the #PersPron
t-lemma and the value basic
in the politeness
grammateme represents pronouns like the ones in the following sentences:
Já dnes nepřijdu. [politeness
=basic
] (=I am not coming today)
Ty tam určitě nechoď. [politeness
=basic
] (=You don't go there)
On tvého psa ještě neviděl. [politeness
=basic
] a [politeness
=basic
] (=He hasn't seen your dog yet)
Vy jste se už přihlásili?[politeness
=basic
] (=Have you.pl registered.pl yet?)
The value of the politeness
grammateme has the value polite
with nodes representing personal and possessive pronouns used in the polite form. For example:
Vy jste se ještě nepřihlásil. [politeness
=polite
] (=You.pl haven't registered.sg yet)
Rozdíl byste byl (vy) nucen uhradit sám. [politeness
=polite
] (=You.pl would have to pay the difference yourself)
The value polite
is filled in when the personal or possessive pronouns are used in the polite form. For example: a node with the #PersPron
t-lemma and the value polite
in the politeness
grammateme represents pronouns like the one in the following sentence:
Vy jste se ještě nepřihlásil. [politeness
=polite
] (=You.pl haven't registered.sg yet)
The polite
value of the politeness
grammateme is usually accompanied by the sg
value of the number
grammateme and the value 2
of the person
grammateme. The combination of the values polite
and 2
with the value pl
is less usual - it is the situation when the speaker addresses more people in the polite form; e.g.:
Vážení čtenáři, je tomu právě rok, kdy jsme vám oznámili nepopulární informaci, že se cena našich novin zvyšuje. [politeness
=polite
; person
=2
; number
=pl
] (=Dear readers, it has been exactly one year since we informed you...)
Often it is impossible to distinguish the cases when the polite form is used from the cases of the default use of the second person pronoun in plural. Therefore, the politeness
grammateme is often filled with the nr
value. For example:
Vy tam nepůjdete? [politeness
=nr
] (=You.pl are not going.pl there?)
nodes representing reflexives.
The number, gender, person and politeness grammatemes. All the four grammatemes are filled with the inher
value, i.e. the values are inherited from the coreferred node.
NB! This only concerns the reflexives corresponding to complex nodes; if the reflexive corresponds to a different node type (e.g.: jít si po svých.DPHR
, nodetype
= dphr
(=lit. go REFL on self's; i.e. go about one's business)), it belongs to no semantic part of speech and no grammatemes are assigned to it.
newly established nodes with the #PersPron
t-lemma.
The number and gender grammatemes. The values of the number
and gender
grammatemes follow from the corresponding morphological categories of the coreferred node. In cases such a node represents the subject of a clause, the values of these grammatemes follow from the values of the morphological number and gender expressed on the verb (if they can be determined for a given form). For example:
Včera ani dnes nezavolala (ona). [number
=sg
; gender
=fem
] (=(She) called.f.sg neither yesterday nor today)
Děti slibovaly: Už nebudeme (my) zlobit. [number
=pl
; gender
=fem
] (=The children promised: (We) are going to be good; the value of the gender grammateme follows from the morphological gender of the noun děti)
The person grammateme. The value of the person grammateme follows from what is the coreferred node (the value 1
is assigned if the coreferred node has the t-lemma já / my (=I, we); the value 2
is assigned if the t-lemma is of the coreferred node is ty / vy (=you.sg, you.pl); the value 3
if it is on / ona... (=he, she,..) or it follows from the person of the verb if a non-expressed pronoun occupies the subject position. For example:
Včera nezavolala (ona). [person
=3
] (=(She) didn't call yesterday)
!!! Neither textual nor grammatical coreference (see Chapter 9, Coreference) is represented with the first and second person pronouns.
The politeness grammateme. The politeness
grammateme has the polite
value in the polite form uses. If a newly established node is the subject of the clause, it is possible to identify the cases of the polite form use on the basis of the verb's form - or sometimes with the help of the context. For example:
Už jste navštěvoval kurzy angličtiny (vy)? [politeness
=polite
] (=Have you.pl attended.sg any English courses?)
Vážený pane, dovolíte (vy), abych vám představil svou paní? [politeness
=polite
] ( =Sir, (you.pl) let.pl me introduce my wife to you)
Rozdíl byste byl (vy) nucen uhradit sám. [politeness
=polite
] (=You.pl would.sg have to pay the difference yourself)
In other cases than polite form uses, the value basic
is filled in.
Often it is impossible to distinguish the cases when the polite form is used from the cases of the default use of the second person pronoun in plural. Therefore, the politeness
grammateme is often assigned the nr
value. For example:
Máte se (vy) přihlásit co nejdříve. [politeness
=nr
] (=You.pl should.pl register as soon as possible)
Rozdíl uhraďte (vy) nejpozději do deseti dnů. [politeness
=nr
] (=Pay.pl the difference within ten days)
sempos
= n.pron.indef
The subgroup of indefinite pronominal semantic nouns consists of:
relative pronouns kdo, co, který / jenž (=who, which) jaký (=which) that are in the position of a syntactic noun,
their derivatives (also in the positions of syntactic nouns), i.e. indefinite pronouns (e.g.: někdo, některý (=somebody, some)), interrogative pronouns (kdo, který (=who, which)), negative pronouns (nikdo (=noone)) and totalizers (každý, všechen (=each, all)),
possessive counterparts of the pronoun kdo (=who) (i.e. čí (=whose)) and its derivatives (e.g.: něčí, ničí (=someone's, noone's)).
The following pronouns can only be semantic nouns: kdo, co (=who, what) and jenž (=which); this holds also for the derivatives of the pronouns kdo and co. Also the possessives derived from the pronoun kdo and its derivatives are always semantic nouns.
The pronouns který (=which) and jaký (=what) and their derivatives are either semantic nouns or semantic adjectives depending on whether they are in a position of a syntactic noun or adjective. Cf.:
Nevěděla, jaké šaty se by se na ples hodily. (=She didn't know what (kind of) dress would be good for the ball)
Kterou knihu si přál? (=Which book did he wish to have?)
Kup mu nějakou knihu (=Buy him a book/some book or other).
Ta barva je nijaká. (=The color is insipid (lit. no))
- these are syntactic, hence semantic adjectives (see Section 6.2.3, "Indefinite pronominal semantic adjectives").
Šaty, jaké by se hodily na ples, tu neměli. (=They didn't have the kind of dress which would be good for a ball)
Knihu, kterou si přál, nemohla sehnat. (=She couldn't get the book which he wished to have)
- these are syntactic, hence semantic nouns.
The pronoun jenž which is considered a variant of který at the tectogrammatical level is represented by its t-lemma: který.
Indefinite pronominal semantic nouns have the following grammatemes:
number
(see Section 5.1, "The number
grammateme"),
gender
(see Section 5.2, "The gender
grammateme").
person
(see Section 5.3, "The person
grammateme"),
type of indefiniteness: indeftype
(see Section 5.6, "The indeftype
grammateme").
The number grammateme. The value of the number grammateme usually corresponds to the value of the morphological category of number. For example:
Někdo to udělat musí. [number
=sg
; t_lemma
= kdo] (=Somebody has to do it)
Koho jsi potkal? [number
=sg
; t_lemma
= kdo] (=Who did you meet?)
Co potřebuješ? [number
=sg
; t_lemma
= co] (=What do you need?)
Only in the cases when such a pronoun is the subject of a predicate in plural, the value of the number grammateme is pl
: it is clear that the pronoun does not refer to a single person/thing. For example:
Řekněte, kdo přišli. [number
=pl
; t_lemma
= kdo] (=Tell me who came.pl)
Řekněte, kdo přišel. [number
=sg
; t_lemma
= kdo] (=Tell me who came.sg)
Verše, které kdekdo známe. [number
=pl
; t_lemma
= kdo] (=Poems that we all/almost everybody know.pl)
Nodes representing possessives have the number
grammateme filled with the sg
value.
Relatives (indeftype
= relat
) inherit the value of the grammateme from the coreferred node (i.e. number
= inher
). For example:
Domy, které koupili, byly postaveny ve 30. letech. [number
=inher
] (=The houses which they bought were built in the 30's) ( které inherits the value from domy)
The value inher
is also assigned to the relative co - whether it is in its common use (i.e. when it refers to a thing) or whether it is used instead of který / jenž. For example:
To, co potřebuješ, tu nemají. [number
=inher
] (=They don't have the thing that (lit. what) you need)
Muž, co přišel.. [number
=inher
]] (=The man that (lit. what) came)
Muži, co přišli... [number
=inher
] (=The men that (lit. what) came)
Muži, co jsem potkal na ulici... [number
=inher
] (=The men that I met on the street...)
The gender grammateme. The value of the gender grammateme also usually corresponds to the value of the morphological gender, i.e.kdo (=who) and its derivatives are assigned the value anim
, co (=what) and its derivatives are assigned the value neut
. For example:
Někdo to udělat musí. [gender
=anim
] (=Somebody has to do it)
Koho jsi potkal? [gender
=anim
] (=Who did you meet?)
Co potřebuješ? [gender
=neut
] (=What do you need?)
Nodes representing possessive pronouns have the value anim
.
Relatives (indeftype
= relat
) inherit the value of the grammateme from the coreferred node (i.e. gender
= inher
). For example:
Dům, který koupili... [gender
=inher
] (=The house which they bought)
To, co potřebuješ, tu nemají. [gender
=inher
] (=They don't have the thing (that, lit. what) you need)
Muži, co jsem potkal na ulici... [gender
=inher
] (=The men that we met on the street..)
Ženy, co přišly... [gender
=inher
] (=The women that came..)
The person grammateme. The person grammateme has mostly the value 3
. Other values are possible for the pronoun kdo (and its derivatives) in case it is the subject of a predicate in the first or second person. For example:
Zachraň se, kdo můžeš. [person
=2
] (=lit. Save yourself who can.2.sg)
Verše, které kdekdo známe. [person
=1
; t_lemma
= kdo] (=Poems which everybody/whoever know.1.pl)
Relatives (indeftype
= relat
) inherit the value of the person
grammateme from the coreferred node. For example:
Vy, kteří jste přišli později... [person
=inher
] (=You.2.pl who came.2.pl later...)
In those cases when the coreferred node does not have the person
grammateme, the inher
value of the relative is understood as 3
. For example:
Dům, který jsme koupili...[person
=inher
] (=The house that we bought...)
The indeftype grammateme. The indeftype
grammateme expresses the semantic feature distinguishing the pronoun from the t-lemma it is represented by.
There are only four t-lemmas used with indefinite pronominal semantic nouns: kdo, co, který (=who, what, which) and jaký (=what). All the other pronouns are taken to be their derivatives. Which pronouns are represented by which t-lemmas and which values of the indeftype
grammateme they get is summarized in Table 5.17, "Indefinite pronominal semantic nouns".
The first row presents the t-lemmas and in each column, there are pronouns represented by these t-lemmas. The first column lists the values of the indeftype
grammateme which are to be assigned to a given t-lemma if it represents the pronoun in the same row as the value of the grammateme.
For example, the pronoun nikdo (=noone) is represented by the t-lemma kdo (=who) and the value negat
.
The list of pronouns is not exhaustive; in some cases there are other variants as well (e.g. apart from málokdo, kdovíkdo there are also zřídkakdo, všelikdo and other variants). Certain types of pronouns are not existent at all (in Czech); e.g. there is no totalizing pronoun for the nominal jaký; cf. the - symbol in the appropriate slot).
Table 5.17. Indefinite pronominal semantic nouns
t-lemma: | ||||
the value of the indeftype grammateme: |
kdo | co | který | jaký |
relat | kdo | co | který, jenž | jaký |
indef1 | někdo | něco | některý | nějaký |
indef2 | kdosi, kdos | cosi, cos | kterýsi | jakýsi |
indef3 | kdokoli(v) | cokoli(v)... | kterýkoli(v) | jakýkoli(v) |
indef4 | ledakdo, leckdo... | ledaco, lecco... | leckterý, ledakterý | lecjaký, ledajaký |
indef5 | kdekdo | kdeco | kdekterý | kdejaký |
indef6 | málokdo, kdovíkdo... | máloco... | málokterý... | všelijaký... |
inter | kdo, kdopak... | co, copak... | který, kterýpak | jaký, jakýpak |
negat | nikdo | nic | žádný | nijaký |
total1 | všechen | všechen, všechno, vše | - | - |
total2 | - | - | každý | - |
sempos
= n.quant.def
The subgroup of definite quantificational semantic nouns consists of:
cardinal numerals in the position of syntactic nouns,
fraction numerals (e.g.: třetina (=one_third)) are represented by the t-lemmas of the corresponding cardinal numerals, see Section 1.2, "Types of lexical derivation".
NB! Other types of numerals, i.e. ordinal, sort or set numerals, are always considered semantic adjectives, see Section 6.2.4, "Definite quantificational semantic adjectives".
The cardinal numerals jedna (=one) through devětadevadesát (ninety-nine) are either semantic nouns or adjectives, according to their function in the sentence (see also Section 10, "Numbers and numerals"). Cf.:
Vybrali tři. (=lit. (They) chose three)
- this is a syntactic, hence also semantic noun.
pět knih (=five books)
- this is a syntactic, hence also semantic adjective (see Section 6.2.4, "Definite quantificational semantic adjectives").
The cardinal numerals sto, tisíc, milion (=hundred, thousand, million) (and other ending with -ion), miliarda (=billion) (and other ending with -iarda) and the fraction numerals always have the "container" meaning, hence are always semantic nouns.
Nodes for definite quantificational semantic nouns have the following grammatemes:
number
(see Section 5.1, "The number
grammateme"),
gender
(see Section 5.2, "The gender
grammateme"),
type of the numeral: numertype
(see Section 5.5, "The numertype
grammateme").
The number grammateme. As for the cardinal numerals jeden (=one) through devětadevadesát (=ninety-nine), the value of their number grammateme follows from their lexical meaning. For example:
Přišel jen jeden. [number
=sg
] (=lit. Came only one)
Koupil dvě z nabízených knih. [number
=pl
] (=He bought two of the offered books)
Vybrali třicet z padesáti přihlášených zájemců. [number
=pl
] (=They chose thirty applicants from the fifty registered ones) ( padesát has the adjectival function here)
As for the nodes representing the cardinal numerals sto, tisíc (=hundred, thousand) etc. and fraction numerals (i.e. those with the "container" meaning), the value of the number grammateme usually follows from the value of the corresponding morphological category. For example:
Přišlo sto studentů. [number
=sg
] (=One hundred students came)
Přišlo dvě stě studentů. [number
=pl
] (=Two hundred students came)
Koupil třetinu akcií. [number
=sg
] (=He bought one third of the shares)
Koupil dvě třetiny akcií. [number
=pl
] (=He bought two thirds of the shares)
!!! The rules regarding the number grammateme value assignment are only provisional.
The gender grammateme. The cardinal numerals jeden (=one) through devětadevadesát (=ninety-nine) have the value of their gender grammateme identical to the value of the corresponding morphological category. For example:
Přišel jen jeden.[gender
=anim|inan
] (=lit. Came only one)
Poznal jen jednu z nich. [gender
=fem
] (=He only recognised one of them)
As for the cardinal numerals tři (=three) through devětadevadesát (=ninety-nine), it is possible to use the information regarding the (morphological) gender of the predicate (if expressed). For example:
Přišli tři [gender
=anim
] (=lit. Came.m.anim three)
If it is impossible to determine the gender, the value nr
is assigned. For example:
Počítal jen se dvěma. [gender
=nr
] (=He only counted on two (of them))
Viděl jen tři. [gender
=nr
] (=He only saw three (of them))
As for the numerals with the "container" meaning, the grammateme value corresponds to the value of the relevant morphological category. For example:
sto [gender
=neut
] (=hundred)
tisíc [gender
=inan
] (=thousand)
milion [gender
=inan
] (=million)
miliarda [gender
=fem
] (=billion)
Nodes representing fraction numerals are assigned the value fem
. For example:
třetina [gender
=fem
] (=one_third)
The numertype grammateme. The numertype
grammateme expresses the semantic feature distinguishing the numeral from the t-lemma it is represented by. Due to the fact that only cardinal and fraction numerals can be semantic nouns, only two values of the numertype
grammateme come into play here: basic
(if it is a cardinal numeral) and frac
(if it is a fraction numeral). For example:
Přišli jen tři. [numertype
=basic
] (=lit. Came only three)
Koupil dvě z nabízených knih. numertype
=basic
] (=He bought two of the offered books)
Zdědil polovinu domu. [numertype
=frac
; t_lemma
= dva] (=He inherited one half of the house)
Koupil setinu akcií. [numertype
=frac
; t_lemma
= sto] (=He bought one hundredth of the shares)