• originally Sun Grid Engine, since 2001, open-source
• in 2009 changed to Oracle Grid Engine, no longer open-source
• several open-source forks, most importantly Son of Grid Engine

Initialization

Initialization instructions are on ÚFAL wiki.

In addition, it is a good idea to create ~/.sge_request which can specify default arguments, with at least

-b y
-cwd
# optionally also -m n, which disables default mail notification

Quick Intro

qsub: submit a job for execution

• -b [y|n] binary or a script (always use -b y)
• -cwd keep current working directory (probably you always want to use -cwd)
• -v variable[=value] defines or redefines environment variable
• -V export all environment variables
• -N name set name of the job
• -o outpath set file with the standard output of the job; default $JOB_NAME.o$JOB_ID
• -e outpath set file with the standard error of the job; default $JOB_NAME.e$JOB_ID
• -j [y|n] merge standard output and error
• -sync [y|n] wait till the job finishes
• -l resource1=value,resource2=value sets required resources
  • mem_free=2G required amount of memory
  • h_vmem=20G maximum amount of memory; stop job if exceeded
• -q queue submits only to given queue
• -pe parallen_environment machines uses a given parallel environment
• -hold_jid comma_separated_job_list jobs that must finish before this job starts
• environmental variable JOB_ID
• environmental variable JOB_NAME

Array Jobs

• -t 1-n start array job with $n$ tasks numbered $1 … n$
• environmental variable SGE_TASK_ID
• output and error files $JOB_NAME.[eo]$JOB_ID.$TASK_ID
• -t m-n[:s] start array job with tasks $m, m+s, …, n$
• environmental variables SGE_TASK_FIRST, SGE_TASK_LAST, SGE_TASK_STEPSIZE
• -tc j run at most $j$ tasks simultaneously
• -hold_jid_ad comma_separated_job_list array jobs that must finish before this job starts; task $i$ depends only on task $i$ of specified jobs

Queues

We currently have the following queues

• cpu-ms.q
• cpu-troja.q
• gpu-ms.q

The following queue specifications are available

• queue_name: the queue_name can be a wildcard, i.e., cpu-*
• queue_name@machine:
  • the machine can also be a wildcard
  • the machine can even be !(achilles3|hector*)

Parallel Environments

SGE supports jobs with multiple threads/machines. Default parallel environments are

• -pe smp 16: ask for 16 threads on a single machine
• -pe make 16: ask for 16 simultaneously running processes

qstat: list of running jobs

• detailed information about a job can be obtained using qstat -j job_id
• qstat -u user shows jobs of a given user, and qstat -u "*" shows all jobs
• ~straka/bin.local/qs aggregates a lot of qstat outputs

qalter: modify properties of a submitted/running job with given id

• only some properties can be modified, i.e., qalter 123 -tc 10

qdel: stops jobs with given ids

• for array jobs, qdel job_id.task_id removes only one task

qrsh: start an interactive shell

• think ssh
• unfortunately, the job is stopped when connection is broken
  • you can have a screen/tmux/… on sol[1-9] and qrsh from there
  • you can submit screen -D -m using qsub
    • look in ~straka/.screenrc for some defaults

Simple Array Job Example

The following script processes a Wikipedia file described in Assignments and returns sorted list of article names.

• articles.sh (available in /net/data/npfl118/examples/)

#!/bin/bash

set -e

# Parse arguments
[ "$#" -ge 3 ] || { echo Usage: "$0 input_file outdir tasks [conc_tasks]" >&2;exit 1;}
input_file="$1"
output_dir="$2"
tasks="$3"
conc_tasks="$4"

# Check that input file exists and get its size
[ -f "$input_file" ] || { echo File $input_file does not exist >&2; exit 1; }

# Check that output dir does not exist and create it
[ -d "$output_dir" ] && { echo Directory $output_dir already exists >&2; exit 1;}
mkdir -p "$output_dir"

# Run distributed computations
qsub -cwd -b y -sync y -o "$output_dir" -e "$output_dir" -t 1-"$tasks" ${conc_tasks:+-tc $conc_tasks} \
  ./articles_distributed.sh "$tasks" "$input_file" "$output_dir"/articles.txt

# Merge all results
sort -m `seq -f "$output_dir/articles.txt.%g" 1 "$tasks"` > "$output_dir"/articles.txt
rm `seq -f "$output_dir/articles.txt.%g" 1 "$tasks"`

• articles_distributed.sh (available in /net/data/npfl118/examples/)

#!/bin/bash

set -e

# Parse arguments
[ "$#" -ge 3 ] || { echo Usage: $0 total_tasks input output_file >&2; exit 1;}
tasks="$1"
input_file="$2"
output_file="$3"

# Parse SGE_TASK_ID and compute file offset
[ -n "$SGE_TASK_ID" ] || { echo Variable SGE_TASK_ID is not set >&2; exit 1; }
task="$SGE_TASK_ID"
output_file="$output_file.$task"

# Run computation outputting to temporary file
tmp_file="`mktemp`"
trap "rm -f \"$tmp_file\"" EXIT

split -n l/$task/$tasks "$input_file" | cut -f1 | sort > "$tmp_file"

# On success move temporary file to output
mv "$tmp_file" "$output_file"

GPUs

We give only a quick overview here, more detailed treatment of the GPU cluster can be found in ÚFAL wiki.

GPU jobs are scheduled as SGE jobs, but in a special gpu-ms.q queue. You need to specify how many GPUs and of what kind you want, using

• -l gpu=3: ask for 3 GPUs on a single machine
• -l gpu=1,gpu_ram=8G: ask for at least 8GB GPU
• -l gpu=1,gpu_cc_min6.1=1: ask for a GPU with Cuda capability at least 6.1

During execution, CUDA_VISIBILE_DEVICES is set to the allocated GPUs. Note that qrsh jobs by default does not read the environment variables created by SGE, so you need to use qrsh -l ... -pty yes bash.

Then, you need a framework which can use the GPU, and you also need to set paths correctly. To use for example CUDA 9.0 and cuDNN 7.0 (which is a good default as of Nov 2018), use

• export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/opt/cuda/9.0/lib64:/opt/cuda/9.0/cudnn/7.0/lib64

Spark is a framework for distributed computations. Natively it works in Python, Scala and Java.

Apart from embarrassingly parallel computations, Spark framework is suitable for in-memory and/or iterative computations, making it suitable even for machine learning and complex data processing. The Spark framework can run either locally using one thread, locally using multiple threads or in a distributed fashion.

Initialization

You need to add the following to your .profile (or other suitable place):

export PATH="/net/projects/spark/bin:/net/projects/spark/sge:$PATH"

Running

An interactive ipython shell can be started using

PYSPARK_DRIVER_PYTHON=ipython pyspark

Such shell will use current cluster, starting a local cluster with as many threads as cores.

To create a distributed cluster using SGE, you can run one of the following commands:

• spark-qrsh workers memory_per_worker: start Spark cluster and run qrsh inside it
• spark-qsub workers memory_per_worker command [arguments...]: start Spark cluster and execute the given command inside it

Example

Start by running spark-qrsh 50 1G. When the cluster starts, it prints a URL where it can be monitored. After the cluster starts, execute PYSPARK_DRIVER_PYTHON=ipython pyspark.

Then, try running the following:

(sc.textFile("/net/data/npfl118/wiki/en/wiki.txt", 3*sc.defaultParallelism)
   .flatMap(lambda line: line.split())
   .map(lambda word: (word, 1))
   .reduceByKey(lambda c1, c2: c1 + c2)
   .sortBy(lambda word_count: word_count[1], ascending=False)
   .take(10))

Running a Script

To execute a script instead of running from an interactive shell, you need to create the SparkContext manually:

• word_count.py (available in /net/data/npfl118/examples/)

#!/usr/bin/env python
import argparse

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument("input", type=str, help="Input file/path")
parser.add_argument("output", type=str, help="Output directory")
args = parser.parse_args()

import pyspark

sc = pyspark.SparkContext()
input = sc.textFile(args.input, 3*sc.defaultParallelism)
words = input.flatMap(lambda line: line.split())
counts = words.map(lambda word: (word, 1)).reduceByKey(lambda c1, c2: c1 + c2)
sorted = counts.sortBy(lambda word_count: word_count[1], ascending=False)
sorted.saveAsTextFile(args.output)

You can run such script using

spark-submit script.py input_path output_path

If you want to use python3 or a specific virtual environment, you can use

PYSPARK_PYTHON=python3[or_path_to_python_in_virtual_env] spark-submit ...

Basic Methods

• sc.textFile, sc.parallelize, …
• rdd.collect, rdd.take, rdd.saveAsTextFile, rdd.coalesce, rdd.repartition, …
• rdd.map, rdd.flatMap, rdd.count, rdd.distinct, rdd.sortByKey, rdd.reduceByKey, rdd.groupByKey, rdd.sample, …
• rdd.cache, rdd.unpersist, rdd.pipe, …

Further Pointers

• Spark Programming Guide
• Spark Python API
• Reading Input on ÚFAL wiki
• Writing Output on ÚFAL wiki

For the assignments, you can find the input data ini /net/data/npfl118. Notably, there are:

• Wikipedia data:

  • wiki/cs/wiki.txt: Czech Wikipedia data (Sep 2009), file size 195MB, 124k articles.
  • wiki/en/wiki.txt: English Wikipedia data (Sep 2009), File size 4.9BG, 2.9M articles.
  • wiki/cs/wiki-small.txt, wiki/en/wiki-small.txt: first 1000 articles

  The files are in UTF-8 and contain one article per line. Article name is separated by a \t character from the article content.

unique_words

Create a list of unique words used in the articles. Convert them to lowercase to ignore case.

Because the article data is not tokenized, use the provided /net/data/npfl118/wiki/{cs,en}/tokenizer, which reads untokenized UTF-8 text from standard input and produces tokenized UTF-8 text on standard output. It preserves line breaks and separates tokens on each line by exactly one space.

inverted_index

Compute inverted index – for every lemma from the articles, compute ascending (article id, ascending positions of occurrences as word indices) pairs. In order to do so, number the articles using consecutive integers and produce also a list of articles representing this mapping (the article on line $i$ is the article with id $i$; you can use the example articles.sh).

The output should be a file with the list of articles ordered by article id, and a file with one word on a line in this format:

word \t article_id \t space separated occurence indices \t article_id \t space separated occurence indices ...

Both the article_ids and the occurence indices should be in ascending order.

To generate the lemmas, use the provided /net/data/npfl118/wiki/{cs,en}/lemmatizer, which again reads untokenized UTF-8 text and outputs the space separated lemmas on the output, preserving line breaks.

gpu_determinant

Install CPU and GPU version of TensorFlow in respective virtual environments:

• CPU version: python3 -m venv venvs/tf-1.5-cpu and then venvs/tf-1.5-cpu/bin/pip install tensorflow==1.5
• GPU version: python3 -m venv venvs/tf-1.5-gpu and then venvs/tf-1.5-gpu/bin/pip install tensorflow-gpu==1.5

Also, make sure you have added CUDA and cuDNN to your paths using export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/opt/cuda/9.0/lib64:/opt/cuda/9.0/cudnn/7.0/lib64.

Finally, use /net/data/npfl118/assignments/gpu_determinant.py to measure how long it takes to compute a determinant of a matrix, both on a CPU and GPU version. The given script measures the required time for all given matrix dimensions.

• For CPU version, use dimensions up to 5000 with step 100.
• For GPU version, use dimensions up to 20000 with step 1000.

Finally, estimate the speedup of using GPU instead of CPU for this task.

spark_lemmas

Template: /net/data/npfl118/assignments/spark_lemmas.py

Using the provided /net/data/npfl118/wiki/{cs,en}/lemmatizer, generate list of 100 most frequent lemmas in Czech and English wiki on standard output.

To utilize the lemmatizer, use rdd.pipe. However, you need to use Python3 using PYSPARK_PYTHON=python3.

spark_anagrams

Template: /net/data/npfl118/assignments/spark_anagrams.py

Two words are anagrams if one is a character permutation of the other (ignoring case).

For a given wiki language, find all anagram classes that contain at least $A$ words (a parameter of the script). Output each anagram class (unique words with the same character permutation) on a separate line

Use the /net/data/npfl118/wiki/{cs,en}/tokenizer, to tokenize the input, again using rdd.pipe and PYSPARK_PYTHON=python3.

spark_inverted_index

Template: /net/data/npfl118/assignments/spark_inverted_index.py

Compute the inverted index in the format described in inverted_index assignment.

Materials

• Introduction to ÚFAL at ÚFAL wiki (you will need an ÚFAL wiki account to access that site; each ÚFAL PhD student is entitles to get a wiki account).

• ÚFAL CPU cluster

• ÚFAL GPU cluster

• SGE cluster handout

• Apache Spark overview, documentation