Modality. Various types of modality are represented by various means in tectogrammatical trees:
sentence modality is represented by the attribute sentmod.
deontic modality is represented by the grammateme deontmod.
SeeSection 5.10, "The deontmod grammateme (deontic modality)".
dispositional modality is represented by the grammateme dispmod.
See Section 5.11, "The dispmod grammateme (dispositional modality)".
verbal modality is represented by the grammateme verbmod.
See Section 5.9, "The verbmod grammateme (verbal modality)".
modal particles (expressions with modal meanings) are represented by separate nodes with the functors MOD and ATT.
See Section 7, "Functors for rhematizers, sentence, linking and modal adverbial expressions".
Modal (and phase) predicates are described in Section 9.1, "Modal and phase predicates". Quasi-modal (and quasi-phase) predicates are described in Section 9.2, "Quasi-modal and quasi-phase predicates".
Negation. We distinguish two types of negation and affirmation:
lexical negation.
Lexical negation means the use of the negation morpheme (ne-) for creating negative forms of words - nouns (nepřítel (=enemy), nedochvilnost (=unpunctuality)), adjectives (nelaskavý (=unkind), nestálý (=unstable)) and adverbs (nedobře (=unwell), nezajímavě (=uninterestingly)).
The fact that the word occurs in its negative form (since it is represented by a node with a positive t-lemma) is represented by the value neg1 in the grammateme negation (see Section 5.7, "The negation grammateme").
Lexical negation si discussed in Chapter 5, Complex nodes and grammatemes.
syntactic negation and affirmation.
Syntactic negation and affirmation concerns the means of negation (or affirmation) of the truth value of the utterance content (or its part). These are primarily:
the use of the negation morpheme (ne-) for creating a negative form of the verb (Pavel včera nepřišel (=lit. Pavel yesterday did_not_come.)).
the use of the particle (negator) ne for negating a modification/constituent ( Pavel přišel ne na návštěvu (=lit. Pavel came not for (a) visit.)).
the use of the particles ne (=no), nikoli/v (=no/t), ano (=yes) in answers ( Ano, já přijdu zítra (=lit. Yes, I will_come tomorrow.)).
Prefix "ne-" in the negative form of a verb. The prefix ne- (negation morpheme, negator) in a negative verb form is represented by a separate node with the t-lemma substitute #Neg. The t-lemma of the node for the verb has a positive form.
Compare:
Pavel včera nepřišel. { #Neg} (=lit. Pavel yesterday did_not_come.)
The negative verb form nepřijít (=not_to come) is always represented by two nodes: a node that represents the verb (in its positive form, t_lemma=přijít) and a newly established node with the t-lemma substitute #Neg for the negation.
NB! A node with the t-lemma #Neg needs to be added also below newly established nodes for verbs if the meaning is negative (however, not with the nodes for empty verbs (t_lemma=#EmpVerb)). For more details see Section 12.1.1.1, "Textual ellipsis of the governing verb".
NB! A node for the syntactic negation is not represented as a shared modifier with paratactically connected verbs. Each verb has (or does not have) its own syntactic negation according to its (positive or negative) meaning. Compare:
Nebyl ani zraněn, ani polapen. (=lit.(He) was neither injured nor caught.)
A node for the negation (t_lemma=#Neg) is represented below both verbs.
Independent words: "ne (=no)", " nikoli/v (=no/t)", "ano (=yes)". Independent words ne (=no), nikoli/v (=no/t) and ano (=yes) are represented by separate nodes with the t-lemmas ne, nikoli, nikoliv and ano.
Compare:
Pavel přišel ne na návštěvu (=lit. Pavel came not for (a) visit.)
The negator ne is represented by a separate node with the t-lemma ne.
For detailed rules for annotation of syntactic negation and affirmation means see Section 13, "Expressions of negation and affirmation".