MWE: | lan | egin | ||||||
gloss: | work | do | ||||||
lit.: | work (v) | |||||||
meaning: | work (v) |
Some frequent verbs that are made up of a single word in most languages are MWEs in Basque: work, live, want... This causes problems to MT systems that translate into Basque, as the generation process is usually harder, especially when the MWE is separable and admits sintactic variations.
MWE: | Vie | mi | se | sviat. | ||||
gloss: | turn-3P.SG | I-DATIVE | se-REFL | a-world | ||||
lit.: | the world is turning on me | |||||||
meaning: | My head is swimming. |
The idiom is fairly transparent semantically (and "sviat" can be quantified, which suggests a degree of compositionality); at the same time it has quite strict morphosyntactic requirements - a dative Experiencer and a reflexive (se) particle - and doesn't allow much freedom to rearrange parts of it in sentences.
MWE: | biti | u | banani | |||||
gloss: | to be | in | a banana (Locative) | |||||
lit.: | to be in a banana | |||||||
meaning: | to be sad/in a bad mood, in a bad condition" |
It can be used with everything: Ona/država/cesta/vrijeme je u banani. (She/state/road/weather is in a banana.) and depending on a subject, it slightly changes its meaning, but always something negative.
MWE: | ni | za | lijeka | |||||
gloss: | ni | za | lijeka (Genitive) | |||||
lit.: | neither for a medicine | |||||||
meaning: | something or someone can't be found/extremely scarce |
Imam mnogo pitanja, a odgovora ni za lijeka. (I have a lot of questions, but the answers are nowhere to be found.)
Želim raditi, ali posla ni za lijeka. (I want to work, but no job to be found.)
It can be used without verb or with it (but with negation): posla ni za lijeka = nema posla ni za lijeka (there is no job at all).
MWE: | imati | zmiju | u | džepu | ||||
gloss: | to have | a snake (Acc) | in | a pocket (Locative) | ||||
lit.: | to have a snake in a pocket | |||||||
meaning: | to be cheap |
On ima zmiju u džepu. / He has a snake in a pocket. = He is cheap.
Tense can change, but "zmiju u džepu" can't.
MWE: | puknuti | kao | kokica | |||||
gloss: | ||||||||
lit.: | snap like a popcorn | |||||||
meaning: | go crazy, to flip, to snap |
It has to be perfective aspect.
MWE: | otegnuti | papke | ||||||
gloss: | otegnuti | papke (Acc, PL.) | ||||||
lit.: | stretch the hooves | |||||||
meaning: | to die |
Croatian "kick the bucket".
MWE: | jak/jako | prase | ||||||
gloss: | like(comparison) | pig.MASC | ||||||
lit.: | like pig | |||||||
meaning: | like hell, strongly |
it can be bound to verbs (vydělávat jak prase / earn lot of money) and nouns (auto jak prase / a good car)
it can be positive (auto jak prase / a good car) or negative (řídit jako prase / to drive agressively)
it is mostly idiomatic but also can have literal meaning (vypadat jak prase / to look like a pig, běžet jak prase / to run like a pig or to run clumsily)
MWE: | být | hin | ||||||
gloss: | to-be | hin.UNKNOWN | ||||||
lit.: | no | |||||||
meaning: | several meanings (see below) |
several meanings:
1. to be exhausted
2.a to be mesmerized (rather positive) + 2.b to be stunned (negative)
ad 1. být z práce hin (to be exhausted from work)
ad 2. být z něj hin (to be mesmerized by him) - here, the object seems to be obligatory
what about idiom disambiguation?
MWE: | green | tea | ||||||
gloss: | green | tea | ||||||
lit.: | green-colored tea | |||||||
meaning: | light-colored (sometimes green-colored) tea from organic leaves. |
This is a multiword lexical item (according to various dictionaries). I think It is not exactly non-compositional. Statistically, (according to a random subset of 1M web sentences) it has approximately the same probability of occurrence as natural tea. My question is, why green tea is a lexical item but natural tea is not? What makes green tea distinctive?
MWE: | ette | nägema | ||||||
gloss: | front | see | ||||||
lit.: | to see ahead | |||||||
meaning: | to foresee |
This MWE, namely particle verb, can be both idiomatic and compositional type. It means that depending on the sentence it can have idiomatic meaning (to foresee; sentence Ta ei näinud probleemi ette ‘She didn’t foresee the problem.’) or it can be used literally (to see ahead; sentence Udu tõttu ei näe autojuht kaugele ette. ‘Due to the fog driver doesn’t see far ahead.’). It's challanging because I try to devide Estonian particle verb into two major groups and study the difference between extraction of them.
MWE: | jemand | ist | nicht | auf | den | Kopf | gefallen | |
gloss: | someone | is | not | on | the | head | fallen | |
lit.: | someone did not fall on his head | |||||||
meaning: | someone is clever |
It appears only negated (it is a negative polarity item), moreover, it might be also used in its literal meaning in certain contexts.
MWE: | die | birn | nit | wey | vom | baum | falt | |
gloss: | the | pear | not | far | from-the | tree | falls | |
lit.: | the pear doesn't fall far from the tree | |||||||
meaning: | like father, like son (you can predict the children's behavior from the parents behavior) |
Variant of "der Apfel fällt nicht weit vom Stamm" ('the apple doesn't fall far from the stem'), found in a text from 1669 (Rechtsquellenstiftung des Schweizerischen Juristenverbandes, editor. Appenzeller Landbücher, volume SSRQ AR/AI 1 of Sammlung Schweizerischer Rechtsquellen. Schwabe, Basel, Switzerland, 2009.). The text is a report on a law case against two teenagers who misbehaved -- like their fathers did/do.
So there is variation in the fruit and in the (part of) the tree. Open questions:
- Does the use of the fruit depend on the region?
- Was there more variety in earlier times? How to search for those in a corpus of historic German?
- There are other MWE with "apple" listed in the Duden dictionary for sayings ("für 'n Apfel und 'n Ei" ('for an apple and an egg' [very cheap]), "in den sauren Apfel beißen" ('to bite into the sour apple' [swallow the bitter pill]), "so voll sein, dass kein Apfel zur Erde fallen kann" ('to be so full that no apple can fall to the earth' [it's really packed]), "Äpfel mit Birnen vergleichen" ('to compare apples with pears' [compare two things that are not comparable]), "Äpfel und Birnen zusammenzählen" ('to sum apples and pears' [to bring two things together that have nothing in common])). Would it be possible to use pears instead of apples in all instances? Obviously not for those where both apples and pears are used.
- Is this just an instance of the writer trying to be funny, i.e. word play?
MWE: | jemandem | den | Wind | aus | den | Segeln | nehmen | |
gloss: | someone.dat | the | wind.acc | out-of | the | sails.dat | take | |
lit.: | to take the wind out of someone's sails | |||||||
meaning: | to stymie someone, i.e. to weaken their position to prevent them from achieving their goal(s) |
It is possible to modify "Wind" and/or "Segeln" by inserting adjectives. The question is which ones are admitted and what is the meaning of the resulting overall combination. Since this idiom also exists in English, the discussion could be based on "to take the wind out of someone's sails". However, the English and the German version of the idiom might not behave completely alike. All of this will give us hints on what the lexical entry/-ies of the idiom should look like.
MWE: | mou | trwei | ta | sikotia | ||||
gloss: | mou-DAT/GEN | trwei-3SG | ta | sikotia-PL | ||||
lit.: | he eats my livers | |||||||
meaning: | it seriously concerns me |
It depicts one of the uses of genitive in greek Mwe's.
MWE: | vazo | tin | oura | mou | ||||
gloss: | vazo-1SG | tin | oura-ACC | mou-GEN | ||||
lit.: | put my tail | |||||||
meaning: | to get involved |
It depicts one of the uses of genitive in Greek MWEs
MWE: | το | πράσινο | φως | |||||
gloss: | the | green | light | |||||
lit.: | the green light | |||||||
meaning: | permission |
This is a real example of a MWE that i came across recently in my effort to create a MWE database specification, more specific the syntactic features.
In the following example(s) the verb is used with it's literal meaning and we don't consider it part of the MWE (we assume that we have a noun phrase MWE).
example: δίνω / παίρνω / περιμένω το πράσινο φως
literal: to give / to take / waiting for the green light
idiomatic: to give / to take / waiting for permission
But in the following example the verb can be used with an idiomatic meaning and we have a verb phrase MWE.
example: ανάβω το πράσινο φως
literal: turn-on the green light
Idiomatic: to give permission
MWE: | kerek | perec | ||||||
gloss: | round | pretzel | ||||||
lit.: | (a) round pretzel | |||||||
meaning: | plainly, blatantly |
A combination of an adjective and a noun yields an adverb, which is atypical in Hungarian. In addition, its meaning is totally noncompositional.
MWE: | elmentek | otthonról | ||||||
gloss: | away-go-PAST-3PL-INDEF | home-DEL | ||||||
lit.: | (they) left home | |||||||
meaning: | He lost his mind / He went mad. |
This idiom is syntactically and morphologically fixed: it cannot occur in other tenses/person/number and the word order cannot be changed either. The subject is not overt in the idiom, it can just be guessed that it is the person's mental abilities that are lost/that "left home".
MWE: | kígyót, | békát | mond | X-ra | ||||
gloss: | snake.ACC, | frog.ACC | say | X.onto | ||||
lit.: | say snake, frog onto somebody | |||||||
meaning: | traduce somebody |
fixed word order: "békát, kígyót" does not work
MWE: | viszi | a | prímet | X-ban | ||||
gloss: | bear | the | ???.ACC | in.X | ||||
lit.: | ? | |||||||
meaning: | be first/winner in X |
no word order variation (obj cannot precede verb -- which is otherwise common in Hungarian), definite article is obligatory, fossil word ("prím")
MWE: | rossz | néven | vesz | X-t | ||||
gloss: | bad | name.on | take | X.ACC | ||||
lit.: | take X on bad name | |||||||
meaning: | resent X |
"rossz néven" has a fixed form, and its meaning is not transparent
MWE: | álmatlan | éjszakái | vannak | |||||
gloss: | sleepless | night.PL.POSS(SG3) | have | |||||
lit.: | have sleepless nights | |||||||
meaning: | not able to find a solution for a significant problem |
only in plural ("nights") -- even if the problem is eventually solved in a short time
MWE: | dabūt | galu | ||||||
gloss: | get.INFINITIVE | end.SINGULAR-ACUSATIVE | ||||||
lit.: | to get and end/finish | |||||||
meaning: | to die, usually some kind of untimely death |
Semantically fixed expression with regular syntax and with very limited possibilities of internal modification. In colloquial speech it is possible to construct very normal conversation where exactly the same phrase is used without idiomatic meaning, e.g. talking about finding and end for some rope or cable.
MWE: | izkūkot | prātu | ||||||
gloss: | sing-like-a-cuckoo-bird.INFINITIVE-out.PREFIX | mind.SINGULAR.ACCUSATIVE | ||||||
lit.: | to sing (in a cockoo birds style/voice) [one's] mind out | |||||||
meaning: | to lose one's mind, to become weard (in a bad way) |
"Kūkot" is onomatopoetic verb in Latvian, it describes the singing of the cuckoo bird. However, variant with prefix "iz" (meaning either at least some kind of completeness of certain action or actual moving outwards from inside of somewhere) is used almost exclusively in this idiom. This idiom can be externally augumented with modificator showing the level of the crazyness person has obtained - "mazliet izkūkot prātu" (a bit crazy), "galīgi izkūkot prātu" (totaly crazy), etc.
MWE: | neteikt | ne | četri | |||||
gloss: | say.INFINITIVE.NEGATIVE | not-even | four | |||||
lit.: | not saying even for | |||||||
meaning: | to say nothing, to keep some kind of information to one-self without the slightest hinting others. |
Frozen, semantically opaque. It is kinda commonly used, but as contemporary user without historical research background, I have not a slightest clue, what kind of objects are four, and why exactly four. However the form clearly shows that "four" is not the number of the potential listeners (addressees of the speaking/telling action).
Some people use the variant with "pieci" - five.
MWE: | akmuo | bate | ||||||
gloss: | stone (noun, singular, masculine, nominative); | bate (noun, singular, masculine, locative) | ||||||
lit.: | A stone in a shoe | |||||||
meaning: | smth/somebody/situation is an inconvenience |
Interesting as "akmuo"(stone) can gain diminutive forms that have many variations; components of expression can change places; also, "akmuo" (stone) can gain inflected forms; be tween "akmuo" (stone) and "bate" (shoe, loc.) can be other words.
Eg. "Tibetas – akmenėlis Kinijos bate" (Tibet is little stone in the shoe of China, i.e. Tibet or situation in Tibet is a little inconvenience for China); "Būti tu tavimi taip smagu tarsi bate nešiočiau akmenį" (Being with you is so fun as if I would carry in the shoe a stone, i.e. being with you is uncomfortable.
MWE: | mu | gi | vadi | zborovite | od | usta | ||
gloss: | him | them | takes out | words | from | mouth | ||
lit.: | to take out words from someone's mouth | |||||||
meaning: | to make someone talk |
The pronoun can be replaced with a name. It is a flexible MWE. Passive is possible, inversion and insertions too.
MWE: | aksle | landslagstrøya | ||||||
gloss: | shoulder | the-national+team+shirt | ||||||
lit.: | shoulder the national team shirt | |||||||
meaning: | to play on/for the national (sports, typically soccer) team |
The Norwegian verb "aksle" means to put something (heavy) on one's shoulders, typically a backpack. The verb-object idiom "aksle landslagstrøya" (literally 'shoulder the national team shirt') means to play for the national (sports, soccer) team.
A search for "aksle landslagstrøya" in a 100 mill. token corpus yields one result. There are 29 matches for the verb "aksle": of these, 13 are figurative uses of putting something on one's shoulders, typically leadership, responsibility, a role, and typically in a cultural or political context. In the remaining hits, "aksle" have the sports connotation, occurring with a definite NP headed by "trøye" (shirt):
den mørkeblå trøyen > 'the dark blue shirt'
drakten med det mer konservative nummeret 11 > 'the shirt with the more conservative number 11'
United-trøya > 'the United shirt'
den norske landslagstrøya > 'the Norwegian national team shirt'
den nærmest hellige drakta med nummer sju på ryggen > 'the almost sacred shirt with number seven on the back'
den helhvite drakten > 'the completely white shirt'
den ikoniske hvite Real-trøya > 'the iconic white Real shirt'
den røde trøya > 'the red shirt'
henne > 'she' (anaphoric reference: the Gonzo shirt)
kvittrøya > 'the white shirt'
sogndaltrøya > 'the Sogndal shirt'
den kvite drakta > 'the white shirt'
sogndalsdrakta > 'the Sogndal shirt'
Jotun-drakta > 'the Jotun shirt'
Sogndal-trøya > 'the Sogndal shirt'
In one of these instances, the shirt is actually referring to the national soccer team. The rest refer to specific teams, Norwegian and international. A near-synonym to trøye (shirt), "drakt", is used six times.
In Norwegian, noun modification can be realized by morphological compounding. We find these variations:
kvittrøya > white+shirt.def > the white shirt
den kvite drakta > the white shirt.def > the white shirt
sogndaltrøya > Sogndal+shirt.def > the Sogndal shirt
sogndalsdrakta > Sogndal+infix+shirt.def > the Sogndal shirt
Sogndal-trøya > Sogndal+hyphen+shirt.def > the Sogndal shirt
Problem: how to assign the meaning "play on team" to the verb "aksle" when the meaning is contingent on a nominal element that is highly variable with respect to semantic referent, (morpho)syntactic form and lexical realization? How to account for this variation in the lexicon?
MWE: | Nie | wszystko | złoto | co | się świeci | |||
gloss: | Not | everything | gold | which | shines.REFL | |||
lit.: | Not everything gold which shines | |||||||
meaning: | What seems ideal is not necessarily so |
* Gives rise to a phrasal template: "Nie wszystko NP co V.REFL"
* Zero copula unusual in Polish
MWE: | Ten | przykład | nie | jest | znowu | taki | trudny. | |
gloss: | This | example | not | is | again | so | difficult. | |
lit.: | This example is not again so difficult. | |||||||
meaning: | This example is not so (~all that) difficult. |
"Znowu" `again` exceptionally used as an additional intensifier within the specific context of negation ("nie" `not`) and "taki AdjP" `so AdjP`. Is it even a MWE?
MWE: | [czyjaś] | prawa | ręka | |||||
gloss: | somebody's [SUBORDINATE:pos=noun;case=gen] | right [SUBORDINATEpos=adj;case=nom;numer=sg] | hand | [HEAD:pos=noun;case=nom;number=sg;gender=fem] | ||||
lit.: | somebody's right hand | |||||||
meaning: | highly honored and trusted person |
one of the constituents represents the open class (somebody) in Genetive case and can be put before or after the string "prawa ręka"
not strict word order
MWE: | ktoś | nie | urodził się | wczoraj | ||||
gloss: | somebody [NP:case=nom] | not [particle] | was born [HEAD:verb;tense=past] | yesterday[adv] | ||||
lit.: | somebody was not born yesterday | |||||||
meaning: | somebody is experienced person in some respect |
this is an interesting unit from morphological point of view, because it occurs only in the past tense (third person of Sg and Pl)
MWE: | ktoś | chodzi | z | brzuchem | ||||
gloss: | somobody [NP;case=nom] | is walking [HEAD:pos=verb] | with[pos=prep] | belly [noun;case=inst] | ||||
lit.: | somebody is walking with a belly | |||||||
meaning: | somebody is pregnant |
One may reckon that the paradigm of this verbal multi-word unit is constrained to the feminine gender and as a 'somebody' could be used only a noun of a femine grammatical gender. Yet it is only appearance. The constraint is only of a semantic nature and thus it is the natural gender that is important here, not the grammatical one. Namely, the unit may be used with an argument that is in the feminine gender, e.g. kobieta (‘woman’), dziewczyna (‘girl’), but also with nouns that name women, however, are not grammatically in feminine gender yet in masculine (e.g. babsztyl, colloquially and offensively ‘woman’) or in neuter (e.g. dziewczę, bookishly ‘girl’).
It is also doubtful if the unit can occur in the plural forms.
MWE: | ktoś | wyciągnął | nogi | |||||
gloss: | somebody [NP:case=nom] | stretched [VP:tense=past;aspect=perf] | legs [case=acc;number=pl] | |||||
lit.: | somebody stretched legs | |||||||
meaning: | somebody died |
In this meaning the unit does not have the imperfective counterpart. It is impossible to say the same using the imperfective "wyciąga" - the multi-word unit undergoes demataphorosation.
MWE: | transmimento | de | pensação | |||||
gloss: | *transfer | of | *thought | |||||
lit.: | N/A | |||||||
meaning: | reading somebody's mind |
Neither word actually exists. There is "transmissão" and "pensamento", but not *"transmimento" or *"pensação". Still, native speakers can easily see the morphological play that swapped suffixes among those words. This MWE ends up being very transparent to a human and completely opaque to computers.
(The expression "transmissão de pensamento" can be used as a synonym, but it may also have compositional semantics).
MWE: | chutar | o | balde | |||||
gloss: | to-kick | the | bucket | |||||
lit.: | to kick the bucket | |||||||
meaning: | to lose one's temper and give up |
A literal translation maintains the property of being an MWE, but the meaning is completely different.
MWE: | a | i-o | coace | cuiva | ||||
gloss: | to | to-him | her | bake | for-someone | |||
lit.: | to bake it for someone | |||||||
meaning: | to prepare a trap/prank/ambush. To make a plan to get someone into a negative situation, deliberately. |
the verb "a coace" (to bake) is transitive. In the context of this MWE, the object is not required from a semantic point of view. Yet it is present as a feminine pronoun (o) which doesnly nominate anything.
MWE: | mână | spartă | ||||||
gloss: | hand | broken | ||||||
lit.: | broken hand | |||||||
meaning: | generous |
- it does not change the form with inflection (e.g. in plural, feminine, masculine it keeps the same form)
- it can take only undefinite determiner, whereas the definite determiner (article) totally changes the meaning
MWE: | zgarie-branza | |||||||
gloss: | scratches-cheese | |||||||
lit.: | scratches-cheese | |||||||
meaning: | penny-pinching |
This MWE is made up of a verb in the third person singular and a noun and it functions as a noun. It can be used both for males and females, one or more, whithout any change of form. It can take an indefinite article, but it is imossible to combine it with definite articles.
MWE: | под | X | понимается | Y | ||||
gloss: | under | X-insturumental_case | undertand-passive_voice | Y-accusative_case | ||||
lit.: | under X can be understanded Y | |||||||
meaning: | we mean that X actually refers to Y |
It's interesting because we can change this expression using other words like "Под репрезентативностью понимается достаточное представление текстов разных жанров, авторов, периодов" (Representativeness refers to the sufficient representation of texts in corpus from different genres, authors, periods).
We сan change the construction: "Под репрезентативностью могло бы пониматься достаточное представление текстов разных жанров, авторов, периодов". (Representativeness would have refered to the sufficient representation of texts in corpus from different genres, authors, periods). We can use not obly NP as X but also NP + CP "Под понятием, которое мы называем репрезентативностью, может пониматься достаточное представление текстов разных жанров, авторов, " ( The concept, which we call the representativeness, refers to sufficient representation of the text in corpus from different genres, authors, periods).
MWE: | В | печенках | сидеть | |||||
gloss: | In | liver-PL | sit | |||||
lit.: | to sit in livers | |||||||
meaning: | to bother |
This expression is interested because you can change or skip the second word "сидеть" or put some words between the words of expression: "Он уже давно у меня в печенках" (He has long been bothering me). "Он у меня в засел в печенках". "Засесть" is like "settle down", not "sit", but we can also use this word. But we can't do everything whatever we like with this expression, e.g. we can't use the perfect acpest forms of the word "сидеть" ("сесть", "сел").
MWE: | в | течение | ||||||
gloss: | in | flow | ||||||
lit.: | in flow | |||||||
meaning: | during |
This expression is interesting because it's an adverb and it has the form that is similar to the construction "в течении" (preposition and noun), which has the meaning "in the current", "in the stream". The noun has the inflexions "-ии" (течен-ии) in all cases except the nominative case (течен-ие). So, the adverb is very similar to frozen form of the noun in the nominative case + preposition, but prepositions can't assign the nominative case to nouns.
However people usually make mistakes with the adberb "в течение" and write "в течении". The form of the noun after this adverb is in genitive case, and after the preposition+noun it's genitive too.
MWE: | ponerse | en | forma | |||||
gloss: | ponerse_Verb_infinitive(poner)+reflexive_pronoun(se); | en_Preposition; | forma_Noun_feminine_singular | |||||
lit.: | to put oneself in shape | |||||||
meaning: | to get fit / to get in shape |
It seems to me that the MWE comes from a literal translation from English (get in shape). "Forma" in Spanish does not refer to the "shape" of people. It is a polysemous word, and among its meanings it may refer to the shape of things. Thus, its meaning is not compositional.
The reflexive pronoun changes to agree with the subject of the sentences. Additionally, depending on the sentence and the tense, the pronoun is not attached to the verb, but appears before it in isolation. The pronoun may only be attached to the infinitive or the gerund forms (I should check if it is possible to attach it to other forms, but cannot think of any other right now).
(a1) Me tengo que poner en forma (I have to get in shape)
[Me have(_I) to get in shape]
(a2) Tengo que ponerme en forma (I have to get in shape)
[have(_I) to get_me in shape]
In (a1), "me" comes before the main verb of the sentence ("tengo"), but it is linked to the verb "poner" and not "tengo". That is: it is possible to have it in a topicalised position.
(a2) shows how the same pronoun can also appear attached to the infinitive "poner", in the subordinate clause.
(b1) Dijisteis que os pondríais en forma (you said you would get in shape)
[said(_you) that you get(_you) in shape]
(b2) *Os dijisteis que pondríais en forma
[you said(_you) that get(_you) in shape]
In (b) it would not be possible to have the pronoun ("os") in a topicalized position. I should check this phenomenon with more examples of MWEs involving pronouns to come up with an explanation of under which circumstances this is possible. Since the verb is inflected, the pronoun cannot be attached to it.
In Spanish the pronominal subject might be omitted because the verb carries that information along. In the case of the third person the pronoun is the same: "se". Thus, the verb has to be analysed to know whether the pronoun is singular or plural. Unfortunately, the pronouns do not provide any information about gender, and this has to be inferred from the context. This is an additional challenge when they have to be translated into languages in which the gender may determine the usage of a pronoun or another.
The MWE may be spread along the sentence as in (c1), although (c2) sounds to me more idiomatic.
(c1) Prometieron ponerse lo antes posible en forma.
[Promised(_they) get_them as soon as possible in shape]
(c2) Prometieron ponerse en forma lo antes posible.
[Promised(_they) get_them in shape as soon as possible]
Finally, when the pronoun is appended to the verb as in (d), this may provoke orthographic changes. The gerund "poniendo" does not have an accent, but when the pronoun is attached, it is required to have it.
(d) Prometimos que empezaríamos el año poniéndonos en forma.
[Promised(_we) that would_start(_we) the year getting(_we)_us in shape]
***There might be other properties I could not think of right now, but I hope I managed to explain the main properties.
MWE: | a | palo | seco | |||||
gloss: | to | stick | dry | |||||
lit.: | in a "dry stick" way | |||||||
meaning: | straight |
In Spanish it is a noun phrase while in English it is and adverb (straight)
Example: Se bebió tres chupitos de tequila a palo seco, sin comer nada.
He drank three tequila shots straight up, without eating anything.
MWE: | tycker | om | ||||||
gloss: | verb | particle | ||||||
lit.: | think on | |||||||
meaning: | like |
In Swedish, particle verbs can be in identical written form as normal verb plus preposition. However, in spoken language, if the stress is on the verb, it is just a normal verb with a preposition. If the stress is on the particle, then it is a particle verb.
Tycker du om Stockholm? / Do you like Stockholm?
Vad tycker du om Stockholm? / What do you think of Stockholm?
Hon glömde att hälsa på honom. / She forgot to say hi to him. / She forgot to visit him.
MWE: | ara | bulmak | ||||||
gloss: | ara | bul- | ||||||
lit.: | to find the space | |||||||
meaning: | to make two persons agree or meet or come together |
there can be some word groups whose lemma form is the same but is different meaning and is not a MWE.
MWE: | insanlıktan | çıkmak | ||||||
gloss: | insan-lıktan | çık-mak | ||||||
lit.: | get out of humanity | |||||||
meaning: | to be so ill, tired and exhausted. |
there can be some word groups whose lemma form is the same but is different meaning and is not a MWE.
The example: "Evden çok sayıda insan çıkarıldı." means (So many people is taken out of the house.)
MWE: | tepeye | çıkarmak | ||||||
gloss: | tepe-ye | çıkar-mak | ||||||
lit.: | to make sb climb the hill | |||||||
meaning: | to spoil sb. |
there can be some word groups whose lemma form is the same but is different meaning and is not a MWE.
The example: " Onu bu tepeye çıkartacağım. " means (I will take him/her up to the hill.)
MWE: | yakından | görmek | ||||||
gloss: | yakın-dan | gör-mek | ||||||
lit.: | to see sb/sth from very short distance | |||||||
meaning: | to see sb/sth from very short distance |
there can be some word groups whose lemma form is the same but is different meaning and is not a MWE.
The example: " Bir yakınını gördü. " (He saw one of his relatives or neighbors.)
MWE: | haber | ver-mek | ||||||
gloss: | haber | vermek | ||||||
lit.: | give the news | |||||||
meaning: | inform |
there can be some word groups whose lemma form is the same but is different meaning and is not a MWE.
The example: " TV ' den haberleri verdi " means that "it gives the news on TV.)