names of persons.

For example: Anička (=Annie) , Božena Němcová (=Božena Němcová), Sněhurka (=Snow White), Novákovi (=The Nováks) .

identification of nationalities, groups and residents.

For example: Čech (=Czech), Pražan (=resident of Prague), Přemyslovec (=member of Premyslid dynasty) .

names of animals.

For example: Vořech (=Mongrel) , Zrzečka (=Ginger (red squirrel in children's story)), Pú (=Pooh Bear).

geographical names.

For example: Jupiter (=Jupiter), Evropa (=Europe), Balkánský poloostrov (=Balkan Peninsula), Máchovo jezero (=Lake Mácha), řeka Svatého Vavřince (=St. Lawrence River), Hradec Králové (=Hradec Králové (name of a town)), Sídliště Antala Staška (=Antal Stašek Housing Estate), Vodičkova ulice (=Vodičkova Street), ulice Na Příkopě (=Na Příkopě Street), Boubínský prales (=Boubín Forest) .

official titles of institutions, organisations, companies and businesses.

For example: Česká republika (=The Czech Republic), Rada bezpečnosti Organizace spojených národů (=The Security Council of the United Nations Organisation), Poslanecká sněmovna (=The Chamber of Deputies (Lower House of Czech Parliament)), klub Za starou Prahu (=The For Old Prague Club), lékárna U Jednorožce (=The Unicorn Pharmacy).

titles of documents, creative works and works of art.

For example: Osudová (=Beethoven's Fifth Symphony), Naše řeč (=Our Language (periodical)), Kde domov můj? (=Where is my homeland? (Czech national anthem)).

titles of products.

For example: automobil Škoda Favorit (=The Škoda Favorit car), Palmex (=Palmex (washing powder)).

titles of notable events and chronological periods.

For example: Vánoce (=Christmas), Mistrovství světa v ledním hokeji 2004 (=The 2004 World Ice Hockey Championship).

titles of awards and prizes.

For example: medaile Za zásluhy (=The Medal of Merit).

a title identifying a category or type.

For example: Pozdravujte všechny výletníky typu "ven z auta, šup na hrad a šup do auta". (=Greet all visitors of the "Out of the car, quickly to the castle and quickly back in the car" type.)

and other identifications and titles in the broad sense of identification (frequently also written with a lower-case initial letter, but then usually within quotation marks).

For example: Staří čeští intelektuálové tehdy dostali nálepku "zrádné intelektuální reakce". (=Old Czech intellectuals were dubbed "treacherous intellectual reactionaries" in those days.); Do lázeňského města přijeli vyzváni motem turnaje "Kdo nebyl v Poděbradech, nemá rád tenis". (=They came to the spa town in response to the slogan "If you haven't been to Poděbrady you don't like tennis.); Vytvořit určitý prostor, později nazvaný "transformační polštář" (=To create a certain space, later known as "the transformation cushion".); Říkali tomu "dialog". (=They called this "a dialogue".); ...dokud se nenaplní úsloví "Na každého jednou dojde". (=until the saying "Everybody will have their turn" comes true)

NB! The boundary of the title (identifying expression) is not clear-cut. It has been found that a title can probably follow any concrete or abstract noun. Numbers functioning as "labels" (for example: strana 25 (=page 25)) are annotated according to the rules given in Section 10.1.3, "Numerals with the function of a "label"". A number of annotation rules have also been adopted under section Section 12, "Annotation of structured text". These rules have precedence over the rules given here.

if a generic common noun (written with upper or lower case initial letters) is followed by a noun in the genitive or by a possessive adjective, this generic noun is treated as a constituent of the title.

Complex titles (conforming to the rules of Czech orthography) are therefore treated as a single title: Sídliště Antala Staška (=The Antal Stašek Housing Estate; Sídliště Míru (=The Peace Estate); náměstí Míru (=Peace Square); řeka Svatého Vavřince (=The St. Lawrence River); vodopády Viktoriiny (=Victoria Falls); ulice Boženy Němcové (=Božena Němcová Street); most Palackého (=Palacký Bridge); Země Františka Josefa (=Franz Josef Land); ostrov Svatého Tomáše (=São Tomé Island); Divadlo J.K. Tyla (=J.K. Tyl Theatre); Galerie bratří Čapků (=Čapek Brothers Gallery) ; Dům módy (=The House of Fashion).

These titles all belong to group A, identifying expressions with a declinable governing constituent (for the rules of annotation, see Section 8.1.1, "Rules for the annotation of identifying expressions with a declinable governing constituent").

Examples:

Ellipsis of the governing constituent of the title (a declinable noun). If a generic common noun is not expressed at surface level (this is an exceptional case), the ellipsis of the governing noun is represented in the tectogrammatical tree according to the rules in Section 12.1.2, "Ellipsis of the governing noun". The newly established node is then treated as a constituent of the title. For example:

if a generic common noun (written with a lower case initial letter) is followed by an attributive adjective in grammatical agreement with it, this generic noun is also treated as a constituent of the title.

Complex titles (conforming to the rules of Czech orthography) are therefore treated as a single title: poloostrov Pyrenejský (=The peninsula of the Pyrenees ) (Pyrenejský poloostrov (=The Pyrenees Peninsula)); moře Středozemní (=The Mediterranean Sea) (Středozemní moře (=The Mediterranean Sea)); kaple Betlémská (=The Bethlehem Chapel) (Betlémská kaple (=The Bethlehem Chapel)); ulice Spálená (=Spálená Street) (Spálená ulice (=Spálená Street)).

These titles all belong to group A, i.e. identifying expressions with a declinable governing constituent (for annotation rules, see Section 8.1.1, "Rules for the annotation of identifying expressions with a declinable governing constituent").

Examples:

NB! If a generic common noun is followed by an adjective in the non-declinable nominative of identity, the common generic noun is not treated as a constituent of the title.

The generic noun is not a constituent of the title (conforming to the rules of Czech orthography): stanice Vltavská (=Vltavská Station (there is no Vltavská stanice))), symfonie Osudová. (=The Fifth Symphony)

Examples:

NB! If a (declinable) adjectival title is a separate constituent of the sentence it is treated as nominalised, i.e. a node with the t-lemma substitute #EmpNoun for the governing noun is not added (thus this is not a case of ellipsis as described in Section 12.1.2, "Ellipsis of the governing noun").

Examples:

if a generic common noun written with a lower case initial letter is followed by a nominative of identity (nominative, prepositional phrase, or other alternative form for a nominative of identity), the generic noun is not a constituent of the title.

The generic noun is not a constituent of the title (conforming to the rules of Czech orthography): sídliště Modřany (=The Modřany housing estate); stanice Náměstí míru (=Peace Square Station); restaurace U Medvídků (The Little Bears Restaurant); ulice Mezi Zahrádkami (=Mezi Zahrádkami Street); kino Blaník (=Blaník Cinema); hrad Karlštejn (=Karlstein Castle); hotel U Modré hvězdy (=The Blue Star Hotel).

These titles belong to group B, identifying expressions without a declinable governing constituent (for annotation rules, see Section 8.1.3, "Identification structure").

Examples:

if a generic common noun written with an upper case initial letter is followed by a nominative of identity (nominative, prepositional phrase or other alternative form of the nominative of identity), the generic noun is a constituent of the title.

The generic noun is a constituent of the title:

These titles belong to group A, identifying expressions with a declinable governing constituent (for annotation rules, see Section 8.1.1, "Rules for the annotation of identifying expressions with a declinable governing constituent").