EXT
modifications answer questions like: "how much/many?" or "to what extent?".
Subfunctors. The EXT
functor is further specified by subfunctors. See Section 13.1.7, "Subfunctory with the EXT
functor".
EXT
modifications can modify verbs (e.g.: Otevřel dveře dokořán.EXT
(=He opened the door wide)), adjectives (e.g.: cele.EXT
oddaný (=fully devoted)), adverbs (e.g.: velmi.EXT
opatrně (=very cautiously)), but also nouns (e.g.: V nádobě je asi.EXT
litr. (=There is approximately one litre (of water) in the container)).
EXT
modifications can also modify prepositions (e.g: zcela.EXT
pod stolem (=completely under the table)). See Section 17.2, "Closer specification of prepositions".
Valency. EXT
modifications are obligatory with a number of verbs, especially those with the meaning of buying or selling; e.g.: platit (=pay) (platil mu 1000.EXT
za schránku (=He paid him 1000 for the postbox)), vycházet (=here: cost) (pobyt vychází na 10 000 Kč.EXT
(=the stay costs 10 000 Kc)), činit (=make) (poplatek činí 30 Kč.EXT
(=the fee is (makes) 30 Kc)), but also with other verbs, which are used for expressing quantity; e.g. vážit (=weigh) (syn váží 57 kg.EXT
(=their son weighs 57 kg)), měřit (=measure) (stromek měřil přes dva metry.EXT
(=the tree was over two meters tall)), zabírat (=take up) (prodej zabírá polovinu.EXT
trhu (=the selling takes up one half of the market)).
Forms. The basic forms of the EXT
modification are:
prepositional phrase.
The most common forms:
do+2 | do posledního místa (=to the last seat); do krve (=lit. to blood; apprx. black and blue); do sytosti (=lit. to repleteness); do krajnosti (=to extremes); do určité míry (=to a certain extent); do tří tisíc korun (=up to three thousand crowns) |
k+3 | zmučená k nepoznání (=tortured beyond recognition) |
kolem+2 | Cena pohybuje kolem 80 dolarů. (=The price is about 80 dollars) |
na+4 | Zaplatil na halíř. (=He paid exactly; lit. to heller) |
nad+4 | nad jiné milý člověk (=an extremely nice person, lit. over others nice person) |
okolo+2 | okolo dvou set (=around two hundred) |
po+4 | zamilovat se po uši (=be head over heels in love; lit. fall_in_love REFL up_to ears) |
po+6 | Obyvatelstvo proudí po tisících. (=The population moves in thousands) |
pod+4 | pod obraz (=(to be) really drunk; lit. below picture); pod psa (=really bad; lit. below dog); pod deset procent (=less than ten per cent) |
přes+4 | Cesta je dlouhá přes dvacet kilometrů. (=The journey is over 20 km long); Váží přes dvě kila. (=It weighs over/more than two kilos) |
v+6 | v malém měřítku (=on a small scale); ve výši čtyř miliónů (=to the extent of four million) |
z+2 | z velké části (=for the most part); Ze dvou třetin už je to dokončeno. (=Two thirds of it are already done) |
za+4 | Koupil to za padesát korun. (=He bought it for fifty crowns) |
noun in a non-prepositional case form.
The most common forms:
accusative | Náklady na palivo v jejich podniku činily v roce 1989 téměř miliardu korun. (=Fuel costs in their factory were almost one billion in 1989) |
adverbial expressions.
Examples:
Utkání se příliš.EXT
nevyvedlo. (=The match wasn't very good) Fig. 7.36
V nádobě je asi.EXT
litr. (=The container contains approximately one litre)
v hodnotě celkem.EXT
třiceti tisíc (=worth of thirty thousand altogether)
Byl jí cele.EXT
oddán. (=He was fully devoted to her)
až.EXT
sto diamantů (=up to one hundred diamonds)
bezmála.EXT
dvacet let (=almost twenty years)
Se zpožděním částečně.EXT
počítají. (They are partly prepared for a delay)
Je daleko.EXT
lepší než já. (=He is far better than me)
Dnes je docela.EXT
hezky. (=The weather is quite nice today)
Je tím dost.EXT
znechucený. (=He is rather disgusted)
Jsem velmi.EXT
unavený. (=I'm very tired)
Hodně.EXT
prší. (=It is raining a lot)
Jak.EXT
dlouho to ještě potrvá? (=How long is it going to take?)
Agreeing form of an adjective. With event nouns (ending with -ní or tí; see Section 2.4.3.3, "Functors assigned to the non-valency modifications of nouns referring to events"), the EXT
modification can also be expressed by an agreeing adjective form.
Examples:
částečné.EXT
omezení (=partial limitation)
mírné.EXT
zlepšení podmínek (=slight improvement)
velké.EXT
snížení daňového zatížení (=big reduction)
výrazné.EXT
poškození klienta (=a considerable disservice)
značné.EXT
omezení těžby (=considerable reduction)
!!! The EXT
functor is rather problematic. It comprises a wide range of meanings, from "how much?", "to what extent?" to "how many?" (expressing the number of things). Cf.:
Jsem velmi.EXT
unavený. (=I'm very tired)
Váží pět kilo.EXT
(=It weighs five kg)
The individual meanings of the EXT
functor are not always separate and independent but they rather combine with meanings of other functors. This can be understood in terms of a special feature: an attribute or subfunctor. Cf.:
IQ 90.RSTR
IQ nad 90.EXT
(=IQ over 90)
IQ přes 90.EXT
(=IQ over 90)
IQ kolem 90.EXT
(=IQ around 90)
IQ pod 90.EXT
(=IQ below 90)
zabírá velkou plochu.PAT
(=it takes up a large area)
zabírá 50 procent.EXT
plochy (=it takes up 50 per cent of the area)
zabírá přes 50 procent.EXT
plochy (=it takes up over 50 per cent of the area)
zabírá pod 50 procent.EXT
plochy (=it takes up less than 50 per cent of the area)
The solution is thus inconsistent and calls for revision. In the future it will be necessary to distinguish those modifications that really express extent from those with which the extent is just an additional feature. Further, it is necessary to consider whether the modifications of the type "how much?" with verbs like platit (=pay), vážit (=weigh), činit (=be/cost) should be assigned the EXT
functor.
Border with the DIFF
functor. Semantically, the EXT
functor is very close to the DIFF
functor (see Section 6.4, "DIFF"). See Section 6.4.1, "Borderline cases with the DIFF
functor".
Borders with arguments. The EXT
functor is assigned also to modifications with the meaning "how much?" following verbs of buying and selling but also other verbs expressing quantity. With a number of verbs, such a modification is obligatory; it is, however, distinguished from a simple Patient (see Section 2, "Argument functors"). Cf.:
Váží pět kilo.EXT
(=It weighs five kg)
Váží mouku.PAT
(=He is weighing flour)