6.3. Semantic adverbs

Semantic adverbs can be divided into the following subgroups:

6.3.1. Non-gradable denominating semantic adverbs that cannot be negated

sempos = adv.denot.ngrad.nneg

The subgroup of non-gradable denominating semantic adverbs that cannot be negated consists of:

  • adverbs that are neither gradable nor can be negated (and which are not adjectival at the same time, i.e. they are not represented by adjectival t-lemmas).

Nodes of this subgroup have no grammatemes.

Examples:

bezesporu pravdu. (=She is indisputably right)

Zůstal dnes doma. (=He stayed at home today)

Bydlí nahoře. (=He lives upstairs)

6.3.2. Non-gradable denominating semantic adverbs that can be negated

sempos = adv.denot.ngrad.neg

The subgroup of non-gradable denominating semantic adverbs that can be negated consists of:

  • adverbs that are not gradable but which can be negated (and which are not adjectival at the same time, i.e. they are not represented by adjectival t-lemmas); e.g.: příliš (=too (much)).

Denominating semantic adverbs of this subgroup have only one grammateme, namely:

The negation grammateme. The neg1 value is assigned if the node represents an adverb negated at the surface level. The neg0 value is assigned if the node represents an adverb that is not negated at the surface level. For example:

Je to nepříliš dobré. [negation=neg1; t_lemma= příliš] (=It is not_very good)

Je příliš sebevědomý. [negation=neg0; t_lemma= příliš] (=He is too self-confident)

6.3.3. Gradable denominating semantic adverbs that cannot be negated

sempos = adv.denot.grad.nneg

The subgroup of gradable denominating semantic adverbs that cannot be negated consists of:

  • adverbs that are gradable but which cannot be negated (and which are not adjectival at the same time, i.e. they are not represented by adjectival t-lemmas); e.g.: dole, pozdě, brzy (=down, late, soon/early).

This subgroup of denominating semantic adverbs have only one grammateme, namely:

The degcmp grammateme. The value of the grammateme usually corresponds to the value of the morphological category. For example:

Je už příliš pozdě. [degcmp=pos] (=It is already too late)

Přijdu o něco dříve než včera. [degcmp=comp; t_lemma= brzy] (=I will come a bit earlier than yesterday)

Dům ležel nejníže z celé vesnice. [degcmp=sup; t_lemma= dole] (=The house was situated at the lowest point of the whole village)

As for the acomp value, there is no corresponding value of the morphological category of degree; it is assigned to nodes representing frozen comparative forms not expressing comparison. For example:

dříve [degcmp=acomp; t_lemma= brzy] či později [degcmp=acomp; t_lemma= pozdě] (=sooner or later)

6.3.4. Gradable denominating semantic adverbs that can be negated

sempos = adv.denot.grad.neg

The subgroup of gradable denominating semantic adverbs that can be negated consists of:

  • adverbs that are gradable and that can be negated as well (and which are not adjectival at the same time, i.e. they are not represented by adjectival t-lemmas); e.g.: daleko, blízko (=far, close).

This subgroup of denominating semantic adverbs have the following grammatemes:

The degcmp grammateme. The value of the grammateme usually corresponds to the value of the morphological category. For example:

Petr bydlí daleko za Prahou.[degcmp=pos] (=Petr lives far from (lit. behind) Praha)

Blíž bydlí Pavel. [degcmp=comp; t_lemma= blízko] (=Pavel lives closer)

Nejblíž bydlí Pavlína. [degcmp=sup; t_lemma= blízko] (=Pavlína lives nearest (to Praha/us..))

As for the acomp value, there is no corresponding value of the morphological category of degree; it is assigned to nodes representing frozen comparative forms not expressing comparison. For example:

blíže nespecifikovaná trhavina [degcmp=acomp; t_lemma= blízko] (=further (lit.closer) unspecified explosive)

The negation grammateme. The neg1 value is assigned if the node represents an adverb negated at the surface level. The neg0 value is assigned if the adverb occurs in its positive form. For example:

Pracuje nedaleko od domova. [negation=neg1; t_lemma= daleko] (=He works not_far from his home)

Pracuje daleko od domova. [negation=neg0; t_lemma= daleko] (=He works far from his home)

Náš cíl je už blízko. [negation=neg0; t_lemma= blízko] (=Our destination is close)

6.3.5. Definite pronominal semantic adverbs

sempos = adv.pron.def

The subgroup of definite pronominal semantic adverbs consists of:

  • definite demonstrative and identifying pronominal adverbs (e.g.: tady, tam, teď, tak, proto, tamtéž (=here, there, now, so, therefore, at_the_same_place),

  • adverbs derived from these (e.g.: tudy (=this_way) is derived from tady (=here), odteď (=from_now) is derived from teď (=now); see Section 1.1, "Types of the syntactic derivation").

Nodes of this subgroup have no grammatemes.

Pronominal adverbs with directional meanings (answering the questions "where from", "which way", "where to") are represented by the t-lemma of the corresponding locative adverb. Pronominal adverbs with different temporal meanings (answering the questions "from when", "until when") are represented by the t-lemma of the corresponding adverb with the simplest temporal meaning (answering the question "kdy (=when)").

Adverbs tu (the locative meaning) and zde are considered variants of the adverb tady (=here) - and are all represented by the t-lemma tady.

Adverbs tu (=the temporal meaning) and nyní are considered variants of the adverb teď (=now) - and are represented by the t-lemma teď.

Adverbs pak and poté are considered variants of the adverb potom (=then) and are all represented by the t-lemma potom.

What is the actual adverb represented by a given node follows from the combination of the t-lemma and the functor.

For example: a node with the t-lemma tady (=here) and the DIR1 functor represents the adverb odtud (=from_here), a node with the t-lemma teď (=now) and the TSIN functor represents the adverb odteď (=from_now) etc.

Individual t-lemmas of definite pronominal adverbs, their derivatives and functors assigned to them are presented in Table 5.20, "Definite (locative/directional) pronominal semantic adverbs" and Table 5.21, "Definite (temporal) pronominal semantic adverbs".

The first row presents the t-lemmas and, in each column, there are adverbs represented by these t-lemmas. The first column lists the functors which are to be assigned to the given t-lemma if it represents the adverb in the same row as the functor.

For example: the adverb tamtudy (=that_way) is represented by the t-lemma tam (=there) and the DIR2 functor; doteď (=until_now) is represented by teď (=now) with the TTIL functor etc.

Not all types of directional and temporal modifications are available for a particular t-lemma (cf. the - symbol in the relevant slot).

Table 5.20. Definite (locative/directional) pronominal semantic adverbs

  t-lemma:
functor: tady tam tamtéž
LOC tady / tu / zde tam tamtéž
DIR1 odtud / odsud odtamtud -
DIR2 tudy tamtudy -
DIR3 sem / potud / posud tam tamtéž

Table 5.21. Definite (temporal) pronominal semantic adverbs

  t-lemma:
functor: teď potom tehdy tenkrát onehdy předtím
TWHEN teď / tu / nyní potom / pak / poté tehdy tenkrát onehdy předtím
TSIN odteď - - - - -
TTILL doteď / doposud / potud / posud - - - - -

6.3.6. Indefinite pronominal semantic adverbs

sempos = adv.pron.indef

The subgroup of indefinite pronominal semantic adverbs consists of:

  • indefinite pronominal adverbs (e.g.: kdy, jak (=when, how), proč (=why)),

  • adverbs derived from these: někde / nikde (=somewhere / nowhere), někdy / nikdy, nějak / nijak (=sometime / never, somehow / in no way) (i.e. indefinite, interrogative, negative and totalizing adverbs; see Section 1.2, "Types of lexical derivation"),

  • directional or various temporal adverbs of the type kudy / někudy, kam / nikam, odkdy / dokdy (=which_way / some_way, where_to / to_no_place, from_when / until_when) etc. (see Section 1.3, "Mixed type").

Indefinite pronominal semantic adverbs have only one grammateme, namely:

The indeftype grammateme. The subgroup of indefinite pronominal semantic adverbs only makes use of four t-lemmas: kde (=where), kdy (=when), jak (=how) and proč (=why). Other adverbs are taken to be their derivatives. Two types of derivation are distinguished:

  1. t-lemma + the indeftype grammateme.

    Indefinite, interrogative, negative and totalizing pronominal adverbs are represented by the t-lemmas of their corresponding relative adverbs.

    The semantic feature in which a given adverb differs from the t-lemma it is represented by is encoded in the indeftype grammateme.

  2. t-lemma + functor.

    Pronominal adverbs with a directional meaning (answering the questions "where from", "which way", "where to") are represented by the t-lemma of the corresponding locative adverb (kde (=where)).

    Similarly, pronominal adverbs with different temporal meanings (answering the questions "from when", "until when" etc.) are represented by the t-lemma of the corresponding adverb with the simplest temporal meaning (kdy (=when)).

    Which directional or locative adverb the given node represents follows from the combination of the t-lemma and the functor.

Type A derivation. The derivation making use of the indeftype grammateme values is the only one used with the adverbs jak (=how) and proč (=why). Which adverbs are represented by which t-lemmas and which values of the indeftype grammateme they get is summarized in Table 5.22, "Indefinite pronominal semantic adverbs".

The first row presents the t-lemmas and, in each column, there are adverbs represented by these t-lemmas. The first column lists the values of the indeftype grammateme which are to be assigned to the given t-lemma if it represents the adverb in the same row as the value of the grammateme.

For example: the adverb všelijak (=in_various_ways) is represented by the t-lemma jak (=how) and the value indef6.

The list is not exhaustive; in some cases there are other variants as well (e.g. apart from všelijak there are also bůhvíjak, kdovíjak and other variants). Certain types of pronominal adverbs are not existent at all (e.g. there is no totalizer for jak; cf. the - symbol in the appropriate slot).

Table 5.22. Indefinite pronominal semantic adverbs

  t-lemma:
the value of the indeftype grammateme: jak proč
relat jak proč
indef1 nějak -
indef2 jaksi -
indef3 jakkoli(v) -
indef4 lecjak, ledajak -
indef5 - -
indef6 všelijak kdovíproč
inter jak, jakpak proč
negat nijak -
total1 - -
total2 - -

Type A + B derivation. Both types of derivation are used with adverbs derived from kde (=where) and kdy (=when). The t-lemma kde, then, represents the relative, indefinite, interrogative, negative and totalizing adverbs as well as their directional counterparts. Similarly, the t-lemma kdy represents the corresponding relative, indefinite, interrogative, negative and totalizing adverbs and their counterparts carrying various temporal meanings. All derivatives represented by the t-lemma kde are presented in Table 5.23, "Indefinite (locative/directional) pronominal semantic adverbs", the derivatives represented by kdy are in Table 5.24, "Indefinite (temporal) pronominal semantic adverbs".

The first row lists the functors, the first column lists the values of the indeftype grammateme. Whenever the t-lemma (kde or kdy) represents one of the listed adverbs, it gets the functor in the head of the column the adverb is situated in and the value of the indeftype grammateme that is in the same row as the adverb.

For example: the adverb nikudy (=lit. no_way) is represented by the t-lemma kde, the DIR2 functor and the negat value of the indeftype grammateme; navždy (=forever) is represented by kdy, the TFHL functor and the total1 value of the indeftype grammateme.

Certain types of adverbs are not existent at all (which is indicated by the - symbol in the appropriate slot).

Table 5.23. Indefinite (locative/directional) pronominal semantic adverbs

t-lemma: kde functor:
the value of the indeftype grammateme: LOC DIR1 DIR2 DIR3
relat kde odkud kudy kam
indef1 někde odněkud někudy někam
indef2 kdesi odkudsi kudysi kamsi
indef3 kdekoli(v) odkudkoli(v) kudykoli(v) kamkoli(v)
indef4 ledakde, leckde... - - -
indef5 - - - -
indef6 málokde... - - -
inter kde, kdepak odkud kudy kam
negat nikde odnikud nikudy nikam
total1 všude odevšad / odevšud všudy všude
total2 - - - -

Table 5.24. Indefinite (temporal) pronominal semantic adverbs

t-lemma: kdy functor:
the value of the indeftype grammateme: TWHEN TSIN TTIL TFHL THO
relat kdy odkdy dokdy / dokud - -
indef1 někdy - - - -
indef2 kdysi - - - -
indef3 - - - - kdykoli(v)
indef4 ledakdy... - - - -
indef5 - - - - -
indef6 málokdy... - - - -
inter kdy, kdypak odkdy dokdy / dokud - -
negat nikdy - - - -
total1 vždy / vždycky - - navždy / navždycky -
total2 - - - - -