- Definition of the
LOCfunctor -
The
LOCfunctor (locative) is a functor for a free modification that specifies the location answering the question "where?", i.e. it indicates the place at which the event or state is situated.
Subfunctors. The LOC functor is further specified by subfunctors. See Section 13.1.8, "Subfunctors with the LOC functor".
Valency. LOC modifications are obligatory for many verbs with the meaning of something being somewhere (e.g. nacházet se (=to_be_found), ocitnout se (=to_find_oneself), objevit se (=to_appear), rozkládat se (=to_stretch), bydlet (=to_live/to_dwell)), hostovat (=to_guest)), but also for several verbs with a different meaning (bolet (=to_ache), chybět (=to_miss)). In some cases the obligatory modification with the LOC functor alternates with an obligatory modification with the DIR3 functor (e.g. odevzdat knihy v knihovně.LOC (=lit. to_hand_in (the) book in (a) library) / do knihovny.DIR3 (=lit. to (a) library)).
Forms. The basic forms of LOC modifications are:
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prepositional phrase.
The most common forms:
blízko+2 Jsme vždy blízko vás. (=We are always close to you.) k+3 Ke konci stránky už se mi zavírali oči. (=Towards the end of the page my eyes were closing.) kolem+2 Nebezpečí může být všude kolem nás. (=Danger can be all around us.) mezi+7 Měli mezi sebou velký odstup. (=They kept long distance beween each other.) mimo+2 Působí mimo Prahu. (=He works outside Prague.) na+6 Sejdeme se na Spořilově. (=We shall meet at Spořilov.) nad+7 Nad lesem se objevil černý mrak. (=There appeared a black cloud above the forest.) naproti+3 Obchod stojí naproti nádraží. (=The shop is located opposite the station.) na úrovni+2 Poslanec není na úrovni ministra. (=A memeber of parliament is not on the level of a minister.) nedaleko+2 Jsou nedaleko tábora. (=They are not far away from the camp.) okolo+2 Všude okolo města jsou lesy. (=There are woods all around the town.) po+4 Po mnoho kilometrů se nic nepřihodilo. (=Nothing happened through many kilometres.) po+6 Po straně vycházeli stále noví herci. (=On the side there were still coming new actors.) poblíž+2 Poblíž vesnice je rybník. (=Near the village there is a pond.) pod+7 Pod mostem spali bezdomovci. (=There slept the homeless under the bridge.) podél+2 Podél potoka se nachází mnoho vzácných rostlin. (=There are many rare plants along the brook.) podle+2 Podle potoka leží vesnice. (=There is a village allonside the brook.) proti+3 Zrcadlo visí proti oknu. (=The mirror hangs opposite the window.) před+7 Tykal mu i před lidmi. (=He was on first name terms with him even in front of other people.) přes+4 Bydlí přes dvůr. (=He lives across the yard.) při+6 Při dveřích stála stará lavice. (=There was an old bench standing by the door.) směrem k+3 Leží směrem k Národnímu divadlu. (=It is located towards the National Theatre.) směrem proti+3 Zrcadlo visí směrem proti oknu. (=The mirror hangs facing the window.) tváří v tvář+3 Stojí tváří v tvář problému. (=He is facing a problem.) uprostřed+2 Uprostřed náměstí se vytvořil hlouček lidí. (=There gathered a small group of people in the middle of the square.) uvnitř+2 Uvnitř kostela bylo chladno. (=It was cold inside the church.) v+6 V restauraci jsme si ani nestihli vypít kávu. (=In the restaurant we did not even make it to drink our coffee.) v čele+2 V čele průvodu šly děti. (=There were children marching on the lead of the promenade.) vedle+2 Bydlí vedle zlatnictví. (=He lives in a goldsmith's shop.) vně+2 Vně zahrad nerostla ani tráva. (=Outside gardens there was hardly grass growing.) v oblasti+2 V oblasti vzdělávání máme velké mezery. (=We have serious loophopes in the educational field.) v oboru+2 V oboru zemědělské výroby se vedou četné diskuze. (=There are numerous debates in the field of agricultural production.) v rámci+2 V rámci města je možné jezdit po dálnici bez poplatku. (=Within a town it is possible to go on the motorway without a fee.) za+7 Za vyřešenými problémy se objevily další. (=There emerged new problems fom behind the solved ones.) -
adverbial expressions.
Examples:
Kde.
LOCna mě počkáte? (=lit. Where for me will_(you)_wait?) Fig. 7.23Jeho syn bydlí blízko.
LOC(=lit. His son lives near.)Dole.
LOCpod námi byla slyšet řeka. (=lit. Down below us (we) could_hear (a) river.)Zůstaň doma.
LOC(=lit. Stay at_home.)Zkusíme to jinde.
LOC(=lit. (We) will_try it elsewhere.)Sklep je příliš hluboko.
LOC(=lit. (The) cellar is too deep.)Město leží jižněji.
LOC(=lit. (The) town is_situated more_southward.)Kolem.
LOCbylo rozházeno plno odpadků. (=lit. Around (there) was plenty (of) litter scattered.)Málokde.
LOCse tak dobře pobavím jako u vás. (=lit. There_are_very_few_places_where myself as well (I) amuse as by you.)Místy.
LOCležel v ulicích ještě sníh. (=lit. Somewhere was in (the) streets still snow.)Nalevo.
LOCstál pěkný dům. (=lit. On_(the) left was_standing (a) nice house.)Už je několik dní pryč.
LOC(=lit. (He) already has_been (for) several days away.)Venku.
LOCse zatím rozpršelo. (=lit. Outside - (in) (the) meantime (it) started_(to)_rain.)Počkejte zde.
LOC(=lit. Wait here.) -
dependent clause.
The most common forms:
kde Dovolenou strávím, kde budu chtít. (=I will spend the holiday wherever I want.) NB! Dependent clauses with the locative meaning are usually introduced by relative adverbs, not by a conjunction.
Dovolenou strávím, kde.
LOCbudu chtít.LOC(=lit. (The) holiday (I) will_spend where (I) will_want.)Všechno je <tam> , kde.
LOCto má být.LOC(=lit. Everything is - where it should be.)In some cases, in which the dependent clause is introduced by a pair of pronominal adverbial expressions with different meanings, its effective root node is assigned the
RSTRfunctor. Example:Přišli jsme znovu tam.
DIR3, kde.LOCuž jsme jednou byli.RSTR(=lit. (We) came - again - where (we) already have once_before been.)For details see Section 5.3.4, "Correlative pairs with temporal pronominal adverbs as supporting expressions".
Agreeing form of an adjective. With nouns denoting events (nouns ending with with -ní and tí; see Section 2.4.3.3, "Functors assigned to the non-valency modifications of nouns referring to events"), LOC modifications are expressed also by agreeing foms of adjectives.
Examples:
evropské.LOC jednání (=lit. European negotiation)
Amerického.LOC vydání se nedávno dočkal Škvoreckého Tankový prapor. (=lit. (To) American edition - lately has_waited Škvorecký's Tank Battalion.)
Tamní.LOC jednání trvají. (=lit. Local negotiations last.)
zahraniční.LOC utkání (=lit. international match)
Borders between locative and directional functors. The LOC functor borders on other locative or directional functors, namely in those cases in which a preposition is used that can express more locative/directional meanings. The choice of the functor in a particular construction is usually determined by the context and semantics of the modified word. Cf.:
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Dej to poblíž plotu.
DIR3(=lit. Put it near (the) fence.)Našel to poblíž plotu.
LOC(=lit. (He) found it near (the) fence.)Cesta vedla poblíž plotu.
DIR2(=lit. (The) path led near (the) fence.) -
Bydlí vedle našeho domu.
LOC(=lit. (He) lives next_to our house.)Položil to vedle našeho domu.
DIR3(=lit. (He) put it next_to our house.)Vedle našeho domu.
DIR2vede cesta. (=lit. Next_to our house is (a) path.) -
Cesta vede mezi zahradami.
DIR2(=lit. (The) path leads between gardens.)Našel cestičku mezi zahradami.
LOC(=lit. (He) found (a) path between gardens.)
A similar situation arises with adverbs. Cf.:
-
Musíte zahnout vlevo.
DIR3(=lit. (You) must turn (to) (the) left.)Šatny jsou vlevo.
LOC(=lit. Changing_rooms are (on) (the) left.)Prošli vlevo.
DIR2(=lit. (They) passed (on) (the) left.)
However, in a particular context the annotator can always choose a functor according to his/her understanding of the sentence. Cf.:
-
transport důvěrných listin přes hranice (=lit. transport (of) confidential documents across (the) border)
The modification přes hranice (=lit. across (the) border) can mean either "where to?" (functor
DIR3), or "in which direction?" (functorDIR2).
For the competition of different locative/directional modifications within valency frames of verbs see Section 2.3.1.5.3, "Competing locative/directional adjuncts (of different types)" and Section 2.3.1.5.2, "Addressee vs. locative/directional adjuncts".
Border with the DIR3 functor. Many locative modifications (vedle skříně (=lit. next_to (a) wardrobe), okolo stromu (=lit. around (a) tree), poblíž východu (=lit. near exit)) can be used as answers both to the question "where to?", and the question "where?". The choice of the functor follows usually from the semantics of the governing word. Compare the examples above.
However, many verbs (and their nominal and adjectival derivatives) that have the meaning of taking up a place or changing the position can be modified both by a modification with the LOC meaning, and by a modification with the DIR3 meaning. The choice of the functor depends on the context and semantics of the governing verb: when modified by a DIR3 modification, the verb has the meaning of taking up a place (which might be accompanied by a change in position); when modified by a LOC modification, the same verb has the meaning of changing the position and the LOC modification specifies the location where the change took place. Following the difference between the sentences usedl na postel.DIR3 (=lit. (he) sat_down on (a) bed) and usedl na posteli.LOC (=lit. (he) sat_down on (a) bed), the appropriate functor (DIR3 or LOC) is assigned to the modification ambiguous in its form. Cf.:
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Indiáni usedli vedle ohně. (=lit. (The) American_Indians sat_down by (the) fire.)
The modification vedle ohně (=lit. by (the) fire) can answer both the question kam usedli? (=lit. where_to did_they_sit_down?) (
DIR3), and the question kde usedli? (where did_they_sit_down?) (LOC). The modification vedle ohně (=lit. by (the) fire), however, expresses rather taking up a place, so it will be assigned theDIR3functor (the meaning of theLOCfunctor is not excluded if the Indians were first lying by the fire and something disturbed them, in such case the modification vedle ohně (=by the fire) in the sentence Najednou indiáni vedle ohně usedli. (=lit. Suddenly (the) Indians by (the) fire sat_up.) can express the change of position).
Those verbs which do not express the change of position but which can be modified both by a modification with the LOC and DIR3 functor, are to be preferrably assigned the DIR3 functor (in case the two modifications are formally identical). Cf.:
-
Schoval se pod postel.
DIR3(=lit. (He) hid himself under (the) bed.) -
Schoval se pod postelí.
LOC
-
Schoval se poblíž východu.
DIR3(=lit. (He) hid himself near (the) exit.)The modification poblíž východu (=lit. near (the) exit) is assigned the
DIR3functor (although it can also provide the answer to the question "where?").
Border with the TWHEN functor. If the form is identical (esp. the prepositions) and abstract expressions are used, the distinction between the functors LOC and TWHEN (see Section 3.1, "TWHEN") can be blurred, too. For details see Section 3.1.1, "Borderline cases with the TWHEN functor".
Borders with other functors. LOC modifications can also border on other than locative/directional or temporal functors. However, in a particular context the choice of the functor is usually unambiguous. Cf.:
-
Stařec naříkal nad vesnicí. (=lit. (The) old_man was_weeping for (the) village/over (the) village.)
The modification nad vesnicí (=lit. for (the) village/over/above (the) village) can express the location where the event takes place (then it is assigned the
LOCfunctor), or the village can represent the cause of the old man's weeping and then the expression nad vesnicí (=for the village) is assigned theCAUSfunctor.