By direct speech is meant quoted spoken or written statements which are not formally integrated into constructions. The entire original utterance is quoted, including the original grammatical tenses and persons. By direct speech is meant all quoted utterances, regardless of whether or not they are graphically identified.
At the root node of the sub-tree representing direct speech, the value 1 is entered in the attribute is_dsp_root, even when the direct speech is not graphically identified (see Table 8.1, "Values of the attribute is_dsp_root").
Table 8.1. Values of the attribute is_dsp_root
1 |
the node is the root node of the sub-tree representing direct speech |
0 |
the node is not the root node of the sub-tree representing direct speech |
If no value is entered in the attribute is_dsp_root, it is taken to be 0 .
NB! The attribute is_dsp_root is entered at the root node of the sub-tree of the direct speech, not at the effective root nodes. Thus in the tectogrammatical tree representing the sentence: Řekl: Jdi a už se nevracej. (=He said: Go and never come back.) the value 1 will be entered in the attribute is_dsp_root at the root node of the paratactic structure, i.e. at the node for the conjunction a (=and).
The root node of the sub-tree representing direct speech also has its own value in the attribute sentmod (see Section 7, "The sentmod attribute").
Nodes representing expressions which are constituents of graphically identified direct speech have the value dsp in the attribute quot/type (see Section 19.1, "Text within quotation marks").
Basic rules for annotating direct speech vary according to whether the direct speech is independent or attached to another construction by a reporting clause:
independent direct speech.
If the direct speech is independent (i.e. not introduced by a reporting clause), the direct speech is annotated according to the rules described in Section 4, "Verbal and non-verbal clauses"; the direct speech is thus represented as a verbal or a non-verbal clause.
Examples:
"Máme.PRED několik set členů." [ is_dsp_root=1] (="We have several hundred members.")
"Máme.PRED několik set členů a.CONJ [is_dsp_root=1] budeme mít.PRED ještě více." (="We have several hundred members and we will have still more.")
"Pardon.PARTL " [is_dsp_root=1] (="Excuse me.")
"Pardon, neviděl jsem.PRED vás" [is_dsp_root=1] (="Excuse me, I didn't see you.")
"Hano.VOCAT !" [ is_dsp_root=1] (="Hana!")
"Rozchod.DENOM !" [ is_dsp_root=1] (="Dismiss!")
dependent direct speech (introduced by a reporting clause).
Direct speech introduced by a reporting clause is primarily represented as an argument of the word (a verb, a noun, possibly an adjective) in the reporting clause. Special rules thus apply for cases in which the direct speech cannot be represented as an argument of any word in the reporting clause.
The effective root node of dependent direct speech. In the case of dependent direct speech which takes the form of a verbal or nominative clause, the functor of the argument (or possibly another functor) is assigned directly to the effective root node of this nominative or vocative clause.
If the direct speech comprises an (independent) vocative or interjectional clause, the effective root node of the direct speech is the node for the empty verb and the effective root node of the interjectional or vocative clause is represented as dependent on this newly established node. Interjectional and vocative clauses are represented here according to the rules for representing interjectional and vocative clauses in combination with a verbal clause (see Section 4.3, "Connecting verbal and non-verbal clauses").
Cf.:
Řekl: " Jdu ven." (=He said: "I'm going out.")
The effective root node of the direct speech is the node for the verb jít (=to go).
Zavelel: " Rozchod!" (= He gave the order: "Dismiss!")
The effective root node of the direct speech is the node for the noun rozchod (=dismissal).
Řekl: "Bez výjimky {#EmpVerb} ." (=He said: "No exceptions.")
The effective root node of the direct speech will be the newly established node for the empty verb. The direct speech is interpreted, according to the rules in Section 4.1, "Verbal clauses", as a verbal clause.
Řekl: "Ano {#EmpVerb} ." (=He said: "Yes.")
The effective root node of the direct speech will be the newly established node for the empty verb (t_lemma=#EmpVerb); the node representing the expression ano (=yes) (the effective root node of the interjectional clause) will be dependent on the node for the empty verb and it will have the functor PARTL.
Zvolal: "Můj bratře! { #EmpVerb} ." (=He exclaimed: "My brother!")
The effective root node of the direct speech will be the newly established node for the empty verb (t_lemma=#EmpVerb); the node representing the vocative bratře (=brother) (the effective root node of the vocative clause) will be dependent on the node for the empty verb and it will have the functor VOCAT.
The following sections describe in more detail the representation of constructions with direct speech introduced by a reporting clause. The description varies according to whether or not the direct speech is a modification of a word in the reporting clause. (Section 3.1, "Direct speech as modification of a reporting clause")(Section 3.2, "Direct speech is not a modification of the reporting clause").
In the last section (Section 3.3, "Borderline cases between direct speech and meta-usage") borderline cases between direct speech and meta-usage are described.