MANN modifications express manner directly. It is necessary to distinguish these modifications from those expressing manner by comparison, by specifying a consequence, extent, exception, means etc. The MANN functor is assigned to such adverbial modifications that cannot be assigned a more specific functor.
MANN modifications can modify verbs (=e.g.: tiše.MANN říci (=to say sth quietly)), adjectives (e.g.: nekřesťansky.MANN drahé (=outrageously expensive)), adverbs (e.g.: nápadně.MANN často (=strikingly often)), but also nouns (e.g.: úprava prostředí na míru.MANN (=lit. modification (of) environment to measure)).
Forms. The basic forms of the MANN modification are:
-
adverbial expressions.
Examples:
Pracuje pomalu.
MANN(=He is working slowly)Jde zlehka.
MANN(=He's walking lightly)čerstvě.
MANNnatřeno (=newly painted)pěkně.
MANNopálený (=lit. nicely tanned)Nikdy se jich nevzdáme," prohlašují sebevědomě.
MANN(=...they say confidently)Prudce.
MANNse zvýšily mezibankovní úrokové míry. (=...rose steeply)Jak.
MANNto se mnou mluvíš? (=lit. How EMPH with me (you) speak?)Náš vztah k Německu byl tak.
MANNnadlouho určen. (=Our relationship to Germany was given by this for a long time)Nějak.
MANNto uděláme. (=We'll do it somehow) -
prepositional phrase.
The most common forms:
do+2 Boby Brno se chce umístit do pátého místa. (=Boby Brno wants to be at most the fifth; lit. to_be_placed to fifth position) formou+2 Odpověděla formou oficiálního dopisu. (=She answered in the form of an official letter) na+4 Turnaj se hrál na čtyři kola. (=The tournament had four rounds; lit. played at four rounds); zavřít na klíč (=to lock; lit. close with key) na+6 Nabídl diktátorovi suverenitu státu takříkajíc na podnose. (=lit. (He) offered dictator sovereignty (of) state so_to_speak on tray); Kluk odpočívá nehnutě na jedné noze. (=The boy is standing on one foot) o+4 běžet o závod (=apprx. run for your life) o+6 Hráči si vychutnali radost z vítězství o samotě. (=The players enjoyed their victory by themselves) od+2 ohodnotit možnosti od oka (=to evaluate the possibilities at a rough guess); Pětkrát jsem začínal od píky. (=Five times I was beginning from scratch) po+6 jít po špičkách (=walk on one's toes); Do svého dobrodružství se vrhá po hlavě. (=He's going into it head first); Po dobrém to nejde. (=It can't be solved amicably) pod+7 prodat pod rukama (=to sell secretly); zakázat pod trestem smrti (=to ban sth under pain of death) s+7 zvládl to s velkým umem (=he managed to do it skilfully) v+6 žít v chudobě (=to live in poverty); Soused v tichosti vyčkal mezi větvemi. (=He waited quietly) ve formě+2 přijetí volebního programu ve formě vládního prohlášení (=accepting the programme in the form of a government declaration) v podobě+2 Dochovala se v podobě překrásného iluminovaného rukopisu. (=It was preserved in the form of a beautiful manuscript) z+2 pracovat ze všech sil (=to work flat out); Proč o tom hovořím tak ze široka? (=Why am I talking about it in such a detail?) za+4 vést za ručičku (=lead by the hand) Example:
Odpověděla formou oficiálního dopisu.
MANN(=She answered in the form of an oficial letter) Fig. 7.37 -
noun in a non-prepositional case form.
The most common forms:
accusative Armáda jde krok za krokem k lepšímu. (=The army is improving step by step) instrumental To se dá vylézt alpským stylem. (=One can climb it in the alpine style); Co ovlivňuje rozhodujícím způsobem tuto spokojenost? (=What influences their satisfaction crucially?) -
dependent clause.
The most common forms:
jak Jednal, jak mu ukládá zákon. (=He acted as the law says) tak - aby Choval jsem se tak, abych se tam nedostal. (=I behaved in such a way so that I didn't get there) tak - že Je možné postupovat tak, že se bude snižovat horní sazba při zachování dolní sazby. (=It is possible to follow such a procedure that the upper rate is going down while...) tak -jak Rozdělili si odpovědnost a role tak, jak je postupně život přinášel. (=They were sharing their responsibility and roles as life was bringing them)
Agreeing form of an adjective. With event nouns (ending with -ní or tí; see Section 2.4.3.3, "Functors assigned to the non-valency modifications of nouns referring to events") the MANN modification can also be expressed by an agreeing adjective form.
Examples:
veřejné.MANN označení (=public name)
těžké.MANN zlehčování (=serious disparagement)
zdárné.MANN řešení (=successful solution)
postupné.MANN opotřebení (=gradual wear and tear)
elektrické.MANN ovládání (=electric control)
rychlé.MANN získání kapitálu (=lit. quick getting (of) capital)
lehkovážné.MANN koketování (=frivolous flirting)
Figure 7.37. The MANN functor
Odpověděla formou oficiálního dopisu. (=lit. (She) answered in_the_form (of) official letter)
Borders with other functors for expressing manner and its specific variants. It is often hard to determine which of the functors from the manner family is to be used. The rule is that the specific functors are to be preferred over the general MANN functor. To determine the right functor, the following questions and paraphrases are used:
-
MANN: "in what way?". -
RESL: "with what effect/result?", "in such a way that...". -
EXT: "how much/many?", "to what extent?". -
REG: "in relation to what?", "concerning", "with respect to", "from the point of view of". -
ACMP: "with/without what?". -
MEANS: "by means of what?", "with the help of what?". -
CPR: "similar to what?", "different from what?", "in comparison to what?". -
CRIT: "according to what?" -
RESTR: "with the exception of what?", "who/what exceptionally as well?".
Apart from the homonymous prepositional phrases, also adverbial expressions are very problematic w.r.t. the choice of the right functor. Cf.:
-
Počínal si hazardérsky. (=lit. (He) acted REFL hazardously)
= He acted like a daredevil.
Hazardérsky expresses comparison (
CPR). -
Udělali to společně. (=They did it together)
Společně expresses accompaniment (
ACMP). -
Chová se bezohledně. (=He behaves thoughtlessly)
= He behaves without consideration for other people.
Bezohledně refers to an accompanying circumstance (
ACMP). -
Seřaď jména abecedně. (=Order the names in alphabetical order; lit. aphabetically)
= Order the names in alphabetical order; lit. according to alphabet
Abecedně has the meaning of a criterion (
CRIT). -
Napiš dopis čitelně. (=Write the letter so that it is readable; lit. readably)
= Write the letter so that it is readable.
Čitelně expresses the result (
RESL).
!!! In the data, adverbial (and adjectival) expressions are mostly assigned the MANN functor even though they could often get a more specific functor (and this does not concern only functors from the manner family); e.g.:
-
Lyžuje jen rekreačně. (=He only goes skiing for pleasure; lit. recreationally)
Rekreačně expresses purpose (
AIM).
See also Section 2.4.3.3, "Functors assigned to the non-valency modifications of nouns referring to events".
Border with the ATT functor. For the border with the ATT functor see Section 7.1.1, "Borderline cases with the ATT functor".