- Definition of the
DIR1functor -
The
DIR1functor (directional: from) is a functor of a free modification that expresses specification of place (direction) answering the question "where from?", i.e. it refers to the starting point (of the event denoted by the governing word).
A modification with the DIR1 functor can also have the meaning of a selection from a group of objects; e.g.:
jeden z chlapců.DIR1 (=lit. one of (the) boys)
nejlepší z lidí.DIR1 (=lit. (the) best of men)
Subfunctors. The DIR1 functor is further specified by subfunctors. See Section 13.1.4, "Subfunctors with the DIR1 functor".
Valency. DIR1 modifications are obligatory for many verbs, esp. for verbs of motion with the prefix od-, vy- and s- (e.g. odplout (=to_sail_away), odpochodovat (=to_march_away), odstranit (=to_remove), vylovit (=to_fish_out), vyváznout (=to_express), seskočit (=to_jump_down), sundat (=to_take_down)), for verbs of motion with the prefix pře-, DIR1 modifications are obligatory together with DIR3 modifications (přemístit (=to_replace), přesadit (=to_reposition), přesídlit (=to_resettle)).
Forms. The basic forms of DIR1 modifications are:
-
prepositional phrase.
The most common forms:
od+2 Ustoupil od stěny. (=He stepped back from the wall.) s+2 Premiér smetl dohady kolem Elbitu se stolu. (=The Prime Minister brushed the speculations about Elbit off.) směrem od+2 Směrem od Prahy jede víc aut. (=More cars are coming in the direction from Prague.) z+2 Ze zdi padá omítka. (=The plaster falls off the wall.); Zvolili tři z pěti místopředsedů. (=They elected three of five vicechairmen.) zpod+2 zpod stolu (=from under the table) zpoza+2 Vyběhl zpoza rohu. (=He came running from round the corner.) -
adverbial expressions.
Examples:
Odkud.
DIR1jste přijeli?(=lit. Where did (you) come (from)?) Fig. 7.20Každý pocházel odjinud.
DIR1(=lit. Everybody came from elsewhere.)Odněkud.
DIR1ho znám. (=lit. From_somewhere (I) him know.)Dovážíme odtud.
DIR1spotřební zboží, potraviny a textil. (=lit. (We) import from_here consumer goods, grocery and textile.)Pohlíželi na krajinu až shora.
DIR1(=lit. (They) beheld (the) landscape - from_above.)Musím se na to podívat zblízka.
DIR1(=lit. (I) must - at it have_(a)_look from_close-up.)Zevnitř.
DIR1se ozval hluk. (=lit. From_inside - came (a) noise.)Zleva.
DIR1přišel nečekaný útok. (=lit. From_left (there) came (an) unexpected attack.) -
dependent clause.
The most common forms:
odkud Přišel, odkud to nikdo nečekal. (=He came from where nobody expected it.) NB! Dependent clauses with locative or directional meanings are usually introduced by relative adverbs, not conjunctions.
Přišel, odkud.
DIR1to nikdo nečekal.DIR1(=lit. (He) came from it nobody expected.)Díval se <odtamtud>, odkud.
DIR1se vždycky dívá.DIR1(=lit. (He) watched from_where (he) - always watches.)In some cases in which the dependent clause is introduced by a pair of pronominal adverbial connectives with a different meaning, its effective root node is assigned the
RSTRfunctor. For example:Dívala se tam.
DIR3, odkud.DIR1ses ozval.RSTR(=lit. (She) was_looking (in) (the) direction where (you) - sounded from.)For details see Section 5.3.4, "Correlative pairs with temporal pronominal adverbs as supporting expressions".
Borders with other locative and directinal functors. DIR1 modifications borders on other locative modifications (due to their formal similarities). For more see Section 4.4, "LOC".
Borders with other functors. DIR1 modifications can border also on other than locative modifications. However, in a particular context the choice of the functor is usually unambiguous. Cf.:
-
Strach z Prahy Pavla ještě neopustil. (=lit. (The) fear of Prague Paul yet has_not_left.)
The modification z Prahy (=of Prague) can express the location where Paul's fear appeared for the first time (then it is assigned the
DIR1functor), or, in a different context (e.g. Paul is going to study in Prague and he is afraid of it), the modification z Prahy (=of Prague) can carry theCAUSmeaning.