Valency modifications (in the broad sense of the word) include all kinds of elements that can modify a particular lexical unit (or rather a lexical unit in a particular meaning). The term valency is, however, used in its narrower sense here, namely: the valency modifications of a lexical unit are only its arguments and obligatory adjuncts (for the distinction see Section 2.1, “Criteria for distinguishing different kinds of modifications”). These modifications are always specified in the valency frame of the lexical unit (see Section 2.4, “Valency frames and the way they are recorded in the valency lexicon”).