Annotation of English on the tectogrammatical level
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Annotation of English on the tectogrammatical level

Reference book

Silvie Cinková

Jan Hajič

Marie Mikulová

Lucie Mladová

Anja Nedolužko

Petr Pajas

Jarmila Panevová

Jiří Semecký

Jana Šindlerová

Josef Toman

Zdeňka Urešová

Zdeněk Žabokrtský

On the basis of Mikulová et al.: Annotation on the tectogrammatical level in the Prague Dependency Treebank. The abbreviated version of the Annotation manual. TR-2005-28, ÚFAL MFF UK, Prague, 2005, which was translated into English by Kateřina Součková.

Document version: 1.0.1

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements
Introduction
1. Typographical conventions
2. Building the Prague English Dependency Treebank and the Prague Czech-English Dependency Treebank
1. Relation between the tectogrammatical level and the lower levels
2. Node types
3. Tectogrammatical lemma (t-lemma)
3.1. Basic form of the word
3.2. T-lemma of derived expressions (representing derivation in tectogrammatical trees)
3.3. Complex t-lemma
3.4. T-lemma substitute
4. Sentence representation structure
4.1. Dependency
4.1.1. Dual dependency
4.1.2. Non-dependency edges
4.1.3. Ambiguous dependency
4.2. Valency
4.2.1. Criteria for distinguishing different kinds of modifications
4.2.2. Argument shifting principle
4.2.3. Relations between verb meanings and valency frames
4.2.4. Valency frames and the way they are recorded in the valency lexicon
4.2.5. Representing valency in the tectogrammatical trees
4.3. Clauses (governing, dependent, verbal, verbless)
4.3.1. Verbal and verbless clauses
4.3.2. Dependent and independent clauses (clause connecting)
4.3.3. Dependent verbal clauses (complex sentences)
4.4. Parataxis
4.4.1. Coordination, apposition, mathematical operations and intervals
4.5. Parenthesis
4.6. Ellipsis
4.6.1. Ellipsis
4.6.2. Newly established nodes in more complex syntactic structures
4.6.3. Nodes representing negation with verbs
4.6.4. Survey of newly established nodes (ordered according to their t-lemmas)
5. Specific phenomena
5.1. Multi-word lexical units
5.1.1. Types and representation
5.1.2. Multi-word predicates
5.1.3. Idioms
5.2. Numbers and numerals
5.2.1. Main rules
5.2.2. Specific constructions with numerals (next best, second-best, a three-month stay, $50 a share, five times, for the first time, 5 years old, 5 m long)
5.3. Identifying expressions
5.3.1. Identification structure
5.4. Foreign-language expressions
5.5. Direct speech
5.6. Text segments marked by graphic symbol
6. Functors and subfunctors
6.1. Functors for effective roots of independent clauses
6.2. Argument functors
6.3. Temporal functors
6.4. Locative and directional functors
6.5. Functors for causal relations
6.6. Functors for expressing manner and its specific variants
6.7. Functors for rhematizers, sentence, linking and modal adverbials
6.8. Functors for complex lexical units and foreign-language expressions
6.9. Functors for some specific modifications
6.10. Specific adnominal functors
6.11. Functor for the predicative complement (COMPL)
6.12. Functors expressing the relations between members of paratactic structures
6.13. Further specification of the meaning of a functor
6.13.1. Attribute for the meaning of “state”
7. Subordinators
7.1. Subordinators
7.1.1. One-word subordinators and the functors assigned to them
7.1.2. Fixed complex subordinators acting like one-word subordinators
7.1.3. Correlative subordinators
7.2. Multi-word expressions acting as prepositions or subordinators
7.2.1. Multi-word expressions acting as adverbs of extent
8. English-annotation specific phenomena
8.1. Infinitive clause
8.1.1. Infinitive-nominative constructions/Raised subject (John seems to understand)
8.1.2. Infinitive-accusative constructions/exceptional case marking (John expects Mary to leave)
8.1.3. Infinitive-accusative constructions/exceptional case marking with verbs of perception (John hears Mary cry)
8.1.4. Infinitive as governing predicate (How to raise money)
8.1.5. Absolute purpose clause (To get back to what I was saying, bla bla...)
8.1.6. Infinitive in parenthesis
8.1.7. Infinitive as inner participant (To leave early would be impolite)
8.1.8. Verb-controlled infinitive (His remarks seem to irritate her, He refused to cooperate)
8.1.9. Infinitive controlled by a predicate adjective (John is eager to please)
8.1.10. Infinitive in (John is difficult to please)
8.1.11. Infinitive of a lexical verb in object-subject transposition (This flat must have cost a lot to furnish)
8.1.12. Infinitive governed by a "manner-adverbial" adjective (She was quick to shut the door, Bob is slow to react)
8.1.13. Infinitive governed by likely (She was likely to leave)
8.1.14. Infinitive governed by the copula verb with certain adjectives (She was lucky to get that job, She was kind to let us come)
8.1.15. Infinitive in support verb constructions/ (CPHR) and in idioms (DPHR) (Peter made the decision to leave. Peter did not have the nerve to leave)
8.1.16. Infinitive governed by a postponed attribute (They had the votes necessary to defeat the amendment)
8.1.17. Purpose clause (AIM) (He stopped to have a drink)
8.1.18. "False" purpose clause (REG) (The firms move faster to create new adds than in 1987)
8.1.19. Intention clause (INTT) (She has gone to see her sister)
8.1.20. Consecutive clause (RESL) (I'm too young to marry, Will you be so kind as to call me a taxi?)
8.1.21. Other free modifications rendered by infinitive
8.1.22. Attributive infinitive (RSTR)
8.1.23. Infinitive of perception verbs in existential constructions
8.2. Gerundial clause
8.2.1. Gerund as inner participant
8.2.2. Gerund-accusative constructions/exceptional case marking with verbs of perception (John hears Mary crying)
8.2.3. Gerund with a preposition as nominal part of a complex predicate (The pain was past bearing)
8.2.4. Gerund (with a preposition) governed by the copula verb with certain adjectives (You were fortunate in winning his support)
8.2.5. Gerund as free modification - ACMP
8.2.6. Gerund as free modification - CPR
8.2.7. Gerund as free modification - COMPL
8.2.8. Gerund as free modification - COND
8.2.9. Gerund as free modification - INTT
8.2.10. Gerund as preposition
8.2.11. Gerund in existential constructions (There'll be singing...)
8.3. The personal pronoun it
8.4. Constructions with to be
8.4.1. Existential to be (There is no smoke without fire.)
8.4.2. Existential clauses with gerund or infinitive (There will be singing., There's nowhere to go.)
8.4.3. The verb to be as copula verb (in multi-word predicates)
8.4.4. Special cases (Who is to blame? It is to be stressed that...)
8.4.5. Expressing personal experience with to be and an adverb/adjective with adverbial function (He is fine.)
8.4.6. Nominalizations ending with -er with adjectival modifications as nominal components of complex predicates (She is a clever liar.)
8.5. The existential there
8.6. One as pro-form
8.6.1. One as pro-form in the noun phrase (The blue one suits her better.)
8.6.2. One as pro-form in the nominal component of the multi-word predicate (The new financing structure is a very highly leveraged one.)
8.6.3. Generic One (One likes having his work appreciated.)
8.7. The pronouns this/that
8.7.1. Deictic this/that
8.7.2. Anaphorical this/that (This chair is more comfortable than that., That's where we live.)
8.7.3. Anaphorical that in sentences of the type that's +wh-word
8.7.4. This/that as adverbials of extent (Is it that far?)
8.8. Object-Subject Transposition (Crystal breaks easily., John is difficult to please., This flat must have cost a lot to furnish.)
8.9. Attributes (Modifiers)
8.9.1. Adjectives as noun modifiers
8.9.2. Participles as noun modifiers
8.9.3. Nouns as noun modifiers
8.10. Nominalizations
8.11. t-lemmas of phrasal verbs
8.12. Gradation of adjectives and adverbs
8.13. Noun determiners on t-layer
8.14. Assignment of verbal frames to past participles in attributive position (an industrialized country)
8.15. Cleft sentences
8.16. Reflexivity
8.17. Dummy-do (Verbal Pro-form)
8.17.1. The pro-form to do so
8.17.2. The pro-forms so and not in verbs of saying and in cognitive verbs
Subject index
List of example sentences

List of Figures

1. Node
2. Edges and references
4.1. Structure containing a predicative complement
4.2. Predicative complement
4.3. Predicative complement
4.4. Predicative complement
4.5. Predicative complement
4.6. Predicative complement
4.7. Gerund following a perception verb
4.8. Noun postponed to the end of the sentence, separated by a comma
4.9. Examples of non-dependency edges I
4.10. Examples of non-dependency edges II
4.11. Ambiguous dependency
4.12. Dual function of a single modification
4.13. Dual function of a single modification
4.14. Dual function of a single modification
4.15. Mutual relation of two temporal modifications
4.16. Mutual relation of two locative/directional modifications
4.17. Mutual relation of two locative/directional modifications
4.18. Multi-word names
4.19. Multi-word names
4.20. Argument shifting principle
4.21. Verbal clauses with a punctuation mark in the role of the predicate
4.22. Verbal clauses with ellipsis of the predicate
4.23. Nominative clauses
4.24. Vocative clauses
4.25. Interjectional clauses
4.26. Paratactic connection of two nominative clauses
4.27. Paratactic connection of a nominative clause and a verbal clause
4.28. Connection of an interjectional clause and a verbal clause
4.29. Connection of a vocative clause and a verbal clause
4.30. Dependent infinitival constructions
4.31. Dependent participial constructions
4.32. Incongruent participial constructions
4.33. Incongruent participial constructions
4.34. Adjective introduced by a subordinating conjunction
4.35. False dependent clause: which as DESCR
4.36. False dependent clause: a false purpose clause
4.37. False dependent clause
4.38. Constructions with which referring to the predicate
4.39. Constructions with prep+which
4.40. Which as apposition
4.41. Which as non-restrictive attribute
4.42. Which as restrictive attribute
4.43. Constructions with which + be+ why
4.44. Constructions with which + be + wh word except why
4.45. Constructions with which + be + wh word except why
4.46. Constructions with which + be + wh word except why
4.47. Constructions with which + be + wh word except why
4.48. Constructions with which + be + wh word except why
4.49. Constructions with which + be + wh word except why
4.50. Paratactic structure I
4.51. Paratactic structure II
4.52. Paratactic structure without punctuation
4.53. Paratactic structure
4.54. Paratactic structure
4.55. Paratactic structure
4.56. Paratactic structure
4.57. Mathematical operations
4.58. Interval as a paratactic structure
4.59. Interval as a paratactic structure
4.60. Discontinuous parenthesis
4.61. Syntactically incorporated parenthesis proper
4.62. Syntactically non-incorporated parenthesis proper
4.63. Lexicalized parenthesis
4.64. Clauses with a reversed syntactic relation
4.65. Contextual ellipsis of the governing predicate
4.66. Grammatical ellipsis of the governing predicate
4.67. Contextual ellipsis of the governing noun
4.68. Grammatical ellipsis of the governing noun
4.69. Ellipsis of the clause governing an adverbial clause
4.70. Contextual ellipsis of the governing noun in constituent coordination
4.71. Contextual ellipsis of the governing noun in constituent coordination
4.72. Contextual ellipsis of an obligatory argument
4.73. Contextual ellipsis of an obligatory argument
4.74. Ellipsis of an obligatory adjunct
4.75. General argument
4.76. Unspecified Actor
4.77. Reciprocity
4.78. Comparative constructions: comparison of two events
4.79. Comparative constructions: comparison of two events
4.80. Comparative constructions: comparison of two events
4.81. Comparative constructions: comparison of two events
4.82. Comparative constructions: comparison of two events
4.83. Constructions with the meaning of a restriction
4.84. Constructions with the meaning of a restriction
4.85. Constructions with the meaning of a restriction
4.86. Constructions with the meaning of a restriction
4.87. Constructions with the meaning of a restriction
4.88. Constructions with the meaning of a restriction
4.89. Constructions with the meaning of a restriction
4.90. Constructions with the meaning of a restriction
4.91. Constructions saying that something hardly ever happens without something else to happen at the same time
4.92. Negative irreal condition
4.93. Negative real condition
4.94. Intensifying all but resolved as idiom
4.95. Relativizing restrictive construction introduced by clause coordination
4.96. Constructions with the meaning of exceptional conjoining
4.97. Representing constructions with consecutive clauses
4.98. Dependent consecutive clause
4.99. Infinitive after a quantifier like enough
4.100. Nodes representing negation with verbs
5.1. Multi-word coordinating connectives
5.2. Auxiliary predicate
5.3. Modal or auxiliary predicate
5.4. Modal or auxiliary predicate
5.5. Modal or auxiliary predicate
5.6. Modal or auxiliary predicate
5.7. Quasi-modal predicate
5.8. Support verb construction
5.9. Quasi-control with support verb constructions
5.10. Quasi-control with support verb constructions
5.11. Copula predicate
5.12. Non-verbal idiom
5.13. Verbal idiom
5.14. Numerals as attributes
5.15. Cardinal numerals without countable object
5.16. Numerals with the function of a "container"
5.17. Numerals used as "labels"
5.18. Numerals with adverbial meanings
5.19. Numerals - syntactic adjectives
5.20. Identifying expression
5.21. Identifying expression
5.22. Identification structure I
5.23. Identification structure II
5.24. Identifying expression
5.25. Identifying expression
5.26. List structure for foreign-language expressions I
5.27. List structure for foreign-language expressions II
5.28. Foreign phrase
5.29. Foreign phrase
5.30. Direct speech as an argument of the reporting verb
5.31. Direct speech as an argument of the reporting verb
5.32. Direct speech as a noun modifier
5.33. Direct speech paraphrasable with a verb of saying
5.34. Direct speech is not a modification of the reporting clause
7.1. as long as as an adverbial
7.2. as much as as an adverbial
7.3. Correlative subordinators
7.4. Contexts in which two-word expressions are not to be regarded as prepositions
7.5. Contexts in which two-word expressions are not to be regarded as prepositions
7.6. Subjunction modifier (SM)
7.7. Subjunction modifier
7.8. Subjunction modifier
8.1. Raised subject
8.2. Exceptional case marking
8.3. Exceptional case marking with verbs of perception
8.4. Infinitive as governing predicate
8.5. Absolute purpose clause
8.6. Infinitive in parenthesis
8.7. Infinitive as Actor
8.8. Verb-controlled infinitive
8.9. Verb-controlled infinitive
8.10. Verb-controlled infinitive - raised subject
8.11. Verb-controlled infinitive - be+obligation
8.12. Verb-controlled infinitive - be+obligation
8.13. Verb-controlled infinitive - causative constructions with make, have, get
8.14. Infinitive controlled by a predicate adjective
8.15. Tough-movement
8.16. Object-subject transposition with lexical verbs
8.17. Infinitive governed by a "manner-adverbial" adjective
8.18. Infinitive governed by likely
8.19. Infinitive governed by
8.20. Infinitive governed by CPHR
8.21. Infinitive governed by DPHR
8.22. Infinitive governed by a postponed attribute
8.23. Purpose clause
8.24. False purpose clause (REG)
8.25. Intention clause (INTT)
8.26. Consecutive clause (RESL).
8.27. Consecutive clause (RESL) - with such as predicate adjective
8.28. Consecutive clause (RESL)
8.29. I don't know her to speak to.
8.30. Attributive infinitive (RSTR)
8.31. Attributive infinitive (RSTR)
8.32. Attributive infinitive (RSTR)
8.33. The border between attributive infinitive and an identifying expression
8.34. Infinitive of perception verbs in existential constructions
8.35. Infinitive of perception verbs in existential constructions
8.36. Gerundial clause as inner participant
8.37. Gerundial clause as inner participant
8.38. Gerundial clause as inner participant
8.39. Gerundial clause as inner participant
8.40. Gerund (with a preposition) governed by the copula verb
8.41. Gerund as free modification - ACMP
8.42. Gerund as free modification - CPR
8.43. Gerund as free modification - COMPL
8.44. Gerund in existential constructions
8.45. Gerund in existential constructions
8.46. Gerund in existential constructions
8.47. Anticipatory it
8.48. Anticipatory it
8.49. Anticipatory it
8.50. Deictic it
8.51. Prop it
8.52. Prop it
8.53. Prop it
8.54. Existential to be
8.55. Infinitive of perception verbs in existential constructions
8.56. Infinitive in existential constructions
8.57. To be as copula verb
8.58. To be as copula verb
8.59. Contextual ellipsis of the governing noun
8.60. Grammatical ellipsis of the governing noun
8.61. that's + wh word
8.62. osub1: Middle alternation - manner
8.63. osub2: Middle alternation - condition: Crystal breaks at the slightest touch.
8.64. osub3: Object-subject transposition - tough movement
8.65. osub4: Object-subject transposition with lexical verbs
8.66. True cleft sentence/ordinary sentence
8.67. True cleft sentence
8.68. Pseudo-cleft sentence
8.69. Pseudo-cleft sentence
8.70. Dummy-do
8.71. Ellipsis of the lexical verb
8.72. Not-dummy-do
8.73. to do so
8.74. So X does.
8.75. So does X in the meaning "X too"

List of Tables

2.1. Node types
3.1. T-lemma substitutes of non-alphabetical/numerical symbols
3.2. List of all t-lemma substitutes (in alphabetical order).
4.1. Structure of a valency frame
4.2. Types of surface slot filler notation
4.3. Types of dependent verbal clauses
4.4. Functors for syntactically non-incorporated parenthesis
4.5. Representing ellipsis of a governing meaning unit
4.6. Representing ellipsis of a dependent meaning unit
4.7. Newly established nodes in more complex syntactic structures
4.8. Survey of newly established nodes
5.1. Representing quasi-modal and quasi-phase verbs
5.2. Types of quotation mark use
6.1. Functors for effective roots of independent clauses
6.2. Argument functors
6.3. Temporal functors
6.4. Locative and directional functors
6.5. Functors for causal relations
6.6. Functors for expressing manner and its specific variants
6.7. Functors for rhematizers, sentence, linking and modal adverbials
6.8. Functors for complex lexical units and foreign-language expressions
6.9. Functors for some specific (new) modifications
6.10. Specific adnominal functors
6.11. Functor for the predicative complement
6.12. Functors for coordination
6.13. Functor for apposition
6.14. Functor for mathematical operations and intervals
6.15. Functor for conjunction modifiers
6.16. Functor for subjunction modifiers
7.1. One-word subordinators - gerunds, past participles
7.2. One-word subordinators
7.3. Complex subordinators
7.4. Correlative subordinators
7.5. List of two-word sequences regarded as prepositions and the functors typically assigned to their parent nodes
7.6. List of three-word sequences that act as prepositions (SM's)and the functors typically assigned to their daughter nodes (selected examples)
8.1. Adjectives as noun modifiers and their functors
8.2. Nouns as noun modifiers and their functors
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   Acknowledgements